n-3 PUFA added to high-fat diets affect differently adiposity and inflammation when carried by phospholipids or triacylglycerols in mice

Table 3 Morphologic parameters, food intake and plasma lipid concentrations of mice

Morphologic parameters	Mice groups according to dietary lipids
Morphologic parameters	LF	HF	HF-ω3PL	HF-ω3TG
Biometric data
Initial Body weight (g)	24.1 ± 0.4	24.2 ± 0.3	23.9 ± 0.3	24.5 ± 0.3
Body weight gain (g)	4.1 ± 0.1	4.2 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.1^*$	3.7 ± 0.3
Energy Intake (kJ/mouse/d)	39.1 ± 0.9	68.9 ± 0.3^$	60.2 ± 1.3^$	59.8 ± 1.3^$
Liver weight (g)	1.39 ± 0.03	1.36 ± 0.03	1.21 ± 0.04^*$	1.27 ± 0.04^*
WAT weight (g)	0.84 ± 0.05	1.03 ± 0.12	0.72 ± 0.05^*	0.93 ± 0.11
Gastrocnemius (g)	0.16 ± 0.0	0.16 ± 0.0	0.16 ± 0.0	0.15 ± 0.0
Plasma lipids
TAG (mM)	0.89 ± 0.06	0.66 ± 0.09^$	0.64 ± 0.04^$	0.57 ± 0.04^$
NEFA (mM)	0.62 ± 0.5	0.35 ± 0.02^$	0.27 ± 0.01^$	0.37 ± 0.02^$
Glucose (mmol/L)	9.1 ± 0.8	8.6 ± 0.5	9.4 ± 0.9	9.2 ± 0.7
Plasma insulin (pmol/L)	37.0 ± 6.9	36.8 ± 3.0	24.5 ± 3.0	26.5 ± 4.8
Liver lipids (mg total fatty acids/g tissue)	30.3 ± 2.9	34.0 ± 3.0	30.3 ± 0.6	33.1 ± 3.7
Lipid peroxidation markers in plasma (nM)
4-HHE	23.3 ± 13.5	103.7 ± 36.5	88.8 ± 32.0	128.0 ± 37.5
4-HNE	4.9 ± 0.3^*	13.4 ± 0.5	5.9 ± 1.1^*	8.6 ± 0.3^*

(*P < 0.05 vs HF); (^$P < 0.05 vs LF), ANOVA followed by Fisher test.
Data are mean ± SEM for n = 8 per group. Abbreviations: WAT, white adipose tissue; TAG, plasma triacyglycerols; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; 4-HHE, 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal; 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.
For 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals analysis, 3 pools of 300 μL obtained from 3 mice (100 μL per mice) were used for each group (n = 3).

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