Carnitine supplementation to obese Zucker rats prevents obesity-induced type I to type II muscle fiber transition and favors an oxidative phenotype of skeletal muscle

Table 5 Relative mRNA levels of genes involved in carnitine uptake, fatty acid transport, fatty acid utilization, and glucose uptake and glycolysis in M. rectus femoris of lean rats (lean control), obese Zucker rats fed a control diet (obese control) or obese Zucker rats fed a diet supplemented with 3 g/kg diet carnitine (obese carnitine) for 4 wk ¹

	Lean	Obese	Obese
	control	control	carnitine
	Fold of obese control
Muscle fiber transformation
PPARD	1.11 ± 0.19^b	1.00 ± 0.12^b	4.18 ± 0.58^a
PPARGC1A	1.21 ± 0.17^b	1.00 ± 0.16^b	2.14 ± 0.42^a
PPARGC1B	0.78 ± 0.06^b	1.00 ± 0.24^b	2.02 ± 0.24^a
Carnitine uptake
SLC22A5	0.92 ± 0.12^b	1.00 ± 0.08^b	1.90 ± 0.25^a
Fatty acid transport and uptake
FABP3	1.05 ± 0.28^b	1.00 ± 0.34^b	2.18 ± 0.46^a
SLC27A1	1.19 ± 0.34	1.00 ± 0.23	1.46 ± 0.30
CD36	0.71 ± 0.14^b	1.00 ± 0.11^b	1.52 ± 0.20^a
LPL	1.14 ± 0.22^b	1.00 ± 0.28^b	2.22 ± 0.35^a
β-oxidation
ACADM	1.79 ± 0.44^b	1.00 ± 0.20^b	3.39 ± 0.86^a
ACADL	1.11 ± 0.23^b	1.00 ± 0.24^b	2.25 ± 0.61^a
Carnitine shuttle
CPT1B	1.25 ± 0.31	1.00 ± 0.35	1.49 ± 0.27
SLC25A20	1.46 ± 0.14^a	1.00 ± 0.07^b	1.39 ± 0.13^a
Glucose uptake and glycolysis
SLC2A4	1.41 ± 0.34	1.00 ± 0.32	1.52 ± 0.18
HK2	1.32 ± 0.37^b	1.00 ± 0.51^b	3.11 ± 0.18^a
PKM	1.87 ± 0.94	1.00 ± 0.33	2.36 ± 0.46
PFKM	1.20 ± 0.51	1.00 ± 0.32	1.23 ± 0.25

¹Data are expressed as means ± SEM, n = 12 rats/group. Means and SEM of the other groups were presented as fold of the obese control group, which mean was set to 1. Means in a row without a common letter differ (P < 0.05).

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