Grape seed proanthocyanidins ameliorate pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and death in low-dose streptozotocin- and high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats partially by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress

Table 2 Effects of GSPs on the expression of insulin and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers {78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), phosphorylated Jun N terminal kinase (Phosphor-JNK) and Caspase-12} of pancreatic islets in normal and diabetic rats

Parameter (integrated optical density)	Normal rats		Diabetic rats
Parameter (integrated optical density)	Vehicle	GSPs (250 mg/kg BW)	Vehicle	GSPs (500 mg/kg BW)
Insulin expression	39674.25 ± 3027.60 ^#	38034.72 ± 2493.37 ^#	2337.21 ± 531.25 ^*	6942.99 ± 896.58 ^{* #}
GRP78 expression	1690.20 ± 491.01 ^#	1762.32 ± 468.30 ^#	15823.37 ± 2946.95 ^*	4180.61 ± 384.72 ^*
CHOP expression	2835.46 ± 711.55 ^#	2595.55 ± 539.14 ^#	5725.45 ± 1077.68 ^*	4642.29 ± 1048.88
Phospho-JNK expression	364.21 ± 109.88 ^#	395.41 ± 151.75 ^#	3280.48 ± 661.21 ^*	682.39 ± 250.81 ^#
Caspase-12 expression	480.29 ± 134.28 ^#	518.60 ± 169.85 ^#	5573.96 ± 1106.86 ^*	3768.57 ± 773.68

Data were means ± SEM of 50 pancreatic islets of each group.
* designated statistically significant difference from vehicle-treated normal rats, P < 0.05, # designated statistically significant difference from vehicle-treated diabetic rats, P < 0.05.

ISSN: 1743-7075