Table 2 Serum clinical safety markers between groups following the feeding intervention

Metabolic markers

Glucose (mg/dl)

143 ± 11^a

205 ± 13^b

204 ± 13^b

0.005

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

74.7 ± 2.7

80.8 ± 2.0

77.8 ± 2.2

0.21

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

73.3 ± 4.9

123.1 ± 21.0

131.4 ± 18.5

0.088

Markers of liver health and function

Total Protein (g/dl)

7.2 ± 0.1

7.1 ± 0.1

7.2 ± 0.2

0.81

Albumin (g/dl)

3.47 ± 0.03

3.36 ± 0.03

3.39 ± 0.04

0.18

Total bilirubin (mg/dl)

0.10 ± 0.00

0.10 ± 0.00

0.10 ± 0.00

1.00

Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L)

133 ± 12^a

93 ± 9^b

89 ± 7^b

0.006

Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)

60.5 ± 11.3

75.3 ± 15.6

60.9 ± 7.6

0.62

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L)

< 3

< 3

< 3

N/A

Globulin (g/dl)

3.70 ± 0.03

3.74 ± 0.03

3.78 ± 0.08

0.67

Other serum markers

Sodium (mEq/L)

150 ± 3

147 ± 1

147 ± 1

0.29

Potassium (mEq/L)

5.57 ± 0.21

5.60 ± 0.27

5.09 ± 0.12

0.17

Chloride (mEq/L)

98.6 ± 1.5

99.6 ± 0.5

99.5 ± 0.4

0.19

Total CO₂ (mEq/L)

42.8 ± 1.0

40.9 ± 0.8

40.5 ± 0.8

0.18

Calcium (g/dl)

11.1 ± 0.1^a

11.4 ± 0.1^b

11.2 ± 0.1^a,b

0.043

Phosphorus (mg/dl)

6.12 ± 0.12

6.63 ± 0.19

6.21 ± 0.06

0.038

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl)

16.0 ± 0.6

14.4 ± 0.5

14.3 ± 0.6

0.082

Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.49 ± 0.01^a

0.45 ± 0.01^a,b

0.44 ± 0.01^b

0.016

Creatine Kinase (U/L)

64.3 ± 5.4

69.8 ± 8.2

79.4 ± 7.2

0.37