Influence of a ketogenic diet, fish-oil, and calorie restriction on plasma metabolites and lipids in C57BL/6J mice

Table 3 Influence of dietary intake on plasma metabolites, hormones, and lipids in C57BL/6J mice

	Diet
	Standard diet		Ketogenic diet		Fish-oil diet
	UR	R	UR	R	UR	R
Metabolites ^a
Glucose (mM)	12.8 ± 0.5	6.1 ± 0.4*	15.1 ± 0.4^§	8.5 ± 0.5*^§	8.7 ± 0.6^§	6.0 ± 0.1*^§
β-Hydroxybutyrate (mM)	0.4 ± 0.0	1.4 ± 02*	1.1 ± 0.1^§	2.9 ± 0.2*^§	0.9 ± 0.1^§	2.0 ± 0.1*^§
Glucose/β-Hydroxybutyrate Ratio	35.4 ± 4.7	4.6 ± 1.0*	13.4 ± 2.5^§	2.9 ± 0.9*^§	10.4 ± 2.2^§	3.0 ± 0.3*^§
Hormones ^a
InsuIin (pmoI/L)	182 ± 17	108 ± 3*	160 ± 7	110 ± 4*^§	112 ± 1^§	98 ± 2^§
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	9.2 ± 04	18.9 ± 3.8*	11.1 ± 1.2	15.3 ± 0.8	8.7 ± 0.3	13.8 ± 1.0
HOMA-IR ^b	15.0 ± 1.6	4.1 ± 0.5*	15.5 ± 0.8	5.7 ± 0.4*^§	6.2 ± 0.4^§	3.6 ± 0.1^§
Lipids (mg/dL) ^a
Triglyceride	31.5 ± 3.2	5.0 ± 0.8*	45.5 ± 0.3^§	7.3 ± 0.2*^§	8.4 ± 2.3	7.3 ± 1.0^§
Cholesterol	28.3 ± 2.0	15.9 ± 2.8*	45.9 ± 2.6^§	30.3 ± 0.3*	22.8 ± 0.5	26.0 ± 2.8
Free fatty acid	42.7 ± 3.4	64.6 ± 4.5*	48.1 ± 3.5	57.1 ± 2.5*^§	41.2 ± 2.4	44.9 ± 0.9
Cholesteryl Ester	32.1 ± 0.9	26.7 ± 0.5	55.8 ± 0.8^§	41.0 ± 1.4^§	31.9 ± 1.3	34.5 ± 3.4
Phosphatidylcholine	64.2 ± 3.8	42.2 ± 2.1*	107.9 ± 4.9^§	68.8 ± 2.9*	52.7 ± 2.3^§	59.5 ± 4.4
Lyso-phosphatidylcholine	9.3 ± 0.3	5.5 ± 0.5*	10.6 ± 0.3	6.7 ± 02	6.6 ± 0.6	5.7 ± 0.7
Phosphatidylethanolamine	4.0 ± 0.5	2.6 ± 0.4*	8.2 ± 0.9^§	5.6 ± 0.1^§	2.2 ± 0.4^§	3.0 ± 0.0
Sphingomyelin	6.8 ± 0.3	3.9 ± 2.0*	10.3 ± 0.9^§	10.2 ± 0.4^§	6.9 ± 0.1	8.2 ± 0.9

^aValues are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice per group).
^bHomeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, calculated as (fasted glucose (mM) × fasted insulin (pU/mL)/22.5.
*Indicates significance from unrestricted diet at p <0.01 as determined by one-way ANOVA.
^§Indicates significance from unrestricted standard diet at p <0.01 as determined by one-way ANOVA.

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