| |
Diet
|
|---|
| |
Standard diet
|
Ketogenic diet
|
Fish-oil diet
|
|---|
| |
UR
|
R
|
UR
|
R
|
UR
|
R
|
|---|
|
Metabolites
a
| | | | | | |
|
Glucose (mM)
|
12.8 ± 0.5
|
6.1 ± 0.4*
|
15.1 ± 0.4§
|
8.5 ± 0.5*§
|
8.7 ± 0.6§
|
6.0 ± 0.1*§
|
|
β-Hydroxybutyrate (mM)
|
0.4 ± 0.0
|
1.4 ± 02*
|
1.1 ± 0.1§
|
2.9 ± 0.2*§
|
0.9 ± 0.1§
|
2.0 ± 0.1*§
|
|
Glucose/β-Hydroxybutyrate Ratio
|
35.4 ± 4.7
|
4.6 ± 1.0*
|
13.4 ± 2.5§
|
2.9 ± 0.9*§
|
10.4 ± 2.2§
|
3.0 ± 0.3*§
|
|
Hormones
a
| | | | | | |
|
InsuIin (pmoI/L)
|
182 ± 17
|
108 ± 3*
|
160 ± 7
|
110 ± 4*§
|
112 ± 1§
|
98 ± 2§
|
|
Adiponectin (μg/mL)
|
9.2 ± 04
|
18.9 ± 3.8*
|
11.1 ± 1.2
|
15.3 ± 0.8
|
8.7 ± 0.3
|
13.8 ± 1.0
|
|
HOMA-IR
b
|
15.0 ± 1.6
|
4.1 ± 0.5*
|
15.5 ± 0.8
|
5.7 ± 0.4*§
|
6.2 ± 0.4§
|
3.6 ± 0.1§
|
|
Lipids (mg/dL)
a
| | | | | | |
|
Triglyceride
|
31.5 ± 3.2
|
5.0 ± 0.8*
|
45.5 ± 0.3§
|
7.3 ± 0.2*§
|
8.4 ± 2.3
|
7.3 ± 1.0§
|
|
Cholesterol
|
28.3 ± 2.0
|
15.9 ± 2.8*
|
45.9 ± 2.6§
|
30.3 ± 0.3*
|
22.8 ± 0.5
|
26.0 ± 2.8
|
|
Free fatty acid
|
42.7 ± 3.4
|
64.6 ± 4.5*
|
48.1 ± 3.5
|
57.1 ± 2.5*§
|
41.2 ± 2.4
|
44.9 ± 0.9
|
|
Cholesteryl Ester
|
32.1 ± 0.9
|
26.7 ± 0.5
|
55.8 ± 0.8§
|
41.0 ± 1.4§
|
31.9 ± 1.3
|
34.5 ± 3.4
|
|
Phosphatidylcholine
|
64.2 ± 3.8
|
42.2 ± 2.1*
|
107.9 ± 4.9§
|
68.8 ± 2.9*
|
52.7 ± 2.3§
|
59.5 ± 4.4
|
|
Lyso-phosphatidylcholine
|
9.3 ± 0.3
|
5.5 ± 0.5*
|
10.6 ± 0.3
|
6.7 ± 02
|
6.6 ± 0.6
|
5.7 ± 0.7
|
|
Phosphatidylethanolamine
|
4.0 ± 0.5
|
2.6 ± 0.4*
|
8.2 ± 0.9§
|
5.6 ± 0.1§
|
2.2 ± 0.4§
|
3.0 ± 0.0
|
|
Sphingomyelin
|
6.8 ± 0.3
|
3.9 ± 2.0*
|
10.3 ± 0.9§
|
10.2 ± 0.4§
|
6.9 ± 0.1
|
8.2 ± 0.9
|
- aValues are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice per group).
- bHomeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, calculated as (fasted glucose (mM) × fasted insulin (pU/mL)/22.5.
- *Indicates significance from unrestricted diet at p <0.01 as determined by one-way ANOVA.
- §Indicates significance from unrestricted standard diet at p <0.01 as determined by one-way ANOVA.
