Energy and nutrients | All patients | Baseline hemoglobin A1c (%)* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 ≤ 7.4% | Group 2 7.5 - 8.9% | Group 3 ≥ 9.0% | P for trend | Energy-adjusted P for trend | |||
n = 122 | n = 55 | n = 41 | n = 26 | ||||
Baseline | |||||||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2047 ± 549 | 1914 ± 381 | 2048 ± 595 | 2323 ± 678 | 0.002 | ||
Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 274 ± 78 | 252 ± 59 | 282 ± 85 | 309 ± 88 | 0.001 | 0.209 | |
%carbohydrate (%) | 54.0 ± 8.2 | 52.9 ± 7.8 | 55.6 ± 8.3 | 54.1 ± 9.0 | 0.349 | 0.088 | |
Fat intake (g/day) | 58 ± 20 | 57.2 ± 17.9 | 53.7 ± 19.4 | 65.1 ± 23.2 | 0.206 | 0.177 | |
%fat (%) | 25.4 ± 6.1 | 26.8 ± 6.6 | 23.5 ± 5.1 | 25.3 ± 5.9 | 0.130 | 0.126 | |
Protein intake (g/day) | 77 ± 22 | 75.0 ± 19.1 | 77.8 ± 21.6 | 80.7 ± 26.8 | 0.259 | 0.073 | |
%protein (%) | 15.3 ± 2.7 | 15.8 ± 2.6 | 15.5 ± 3.0 | 13.9 ± 2.1 | 0.007 | 0.047 | |
Changes during 6 months | P† | ||||||
Δtotal energy intake (kcal day) | -399 ± 508 | < 0.001 | -323 ± 430 | -338 ± 500 | -657 ± 601 | 0.012 | |
Δcarbohydrate intake (g/day) | -106 ± 80 | < 0.001 | -74 ± 69 | -117 ± 78 | -156 ± 74 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Δ%carbohydrate (%) | -12.5 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 | -8.0 ± 9.2 | -15.6 ± 8.5 | -16.9 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Δfat intake (g/day) | 6 ± 27 | 0.041 | 0.7 ± 24.6 | 16.3 ± 27.9 | 2.0 ± 24.5 | 0.394 | 0.002 |
Δ%fat (%) | 9.1 ± 9.3 | < 0.001 | 5.5 ± 8.9 | 12.6 ± 9.0 | 11.4 ± 8.1 | 0.001 | 0.051 |
Δprotein intake (g/day) | -0.4 ± 22.8 | 0.938 | -1.5 ± 20.8 | 1.3 ± 20.9 | -1.0 ± 29.8 | 0.826 | 0.011 |
Δ%protein (%) | 3.6 ± 3.8 | < 0.001 | 2.9 ± 3.4 | 3.3 ± 3.9 | 5.4 ± 3.8 | 0.009 | 0.036 |