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Table 2 Baseline intakes of total energy and macronutrients and their changes during 6 months by baseline hemoglobin A1c levels (n = 122)

From: Three-graded stratification of carbohydrate restriction by level of baseline hemoglobin A1c for type 2 diabetes patients with a moderate low-carbohydrate diet

Energy and nutrients

All patients

 

Baseline hemoglobin A1c (%)*

 
   

Group 1 ≤ 7.4%

Group 2 7.5 - 8.9%

Group 3 ≥ 9.0%

P for trend

Energy-adjusted P for trend

 

n = 122

 

n = 55

n = 41

n = 26

  

Baseline

       

 Total energy intake (kcal/day)

2047 ± 549

 

1914 ± 381

2048 ± 595

2323 ± 678

0.002

 

 Carbohydrate intake (g/day)

274 ± 78

 

252 ± 59

282 ± 85

309 ± 88

0.001

0.209

 %carbohydrate (%)

54.0 ± 8.2

 

52.9 ± 7.8

55.6 ± 8.3

54.1 ± 9.0

0.349

0.088

 Fat intake (g/day)

58 ± 20

 

57.2 ± 17.9

53.7 ± 19.4

65.1 ± 23.2

0.206

0.177

 %fat (%)

25.4 ± 6.1

 

26.8 ± 6.6

23.5 ± 5.1

25.3 ± 5.9

0.130

0.126

 Protein intake (g/day)

77 ± 22

 

75.0 ± 19.1

77.8 ± 21.6

80.7 ± 26.8

0.259

0.073

 %protein (%)

15.3 ± 2.7

 

15.8 ± 2.6

15.5 ± 3.0

13.9 ± 2.1

0.007

0.047

Changes during 6 months

 

P

     

 Δtotal energy intake (kcal day)

-399 ± 508

< 0.001

-323 ± 430

-338 ± 500

-657 ± 601

0.012

 

 Δcarbohydrate intake (g/day)

-106 ± 80

< 0.001

-74 ± 69

-117 ± 78

-156 ± 74

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Δ%carbohydrate (%)

-12.5 ± 10.0

< 0.001

-8.0 ± 9.2

-15.6 ± 8.5

-16.9 ± 10.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Δfat intake (g/day)

6 ± 27

0.041

0.7 ± 24.6

16.3 ± 27.9

2.0 ± 24.5

0.394

0.002

 Δ%fat (%)

9.1 ± 9.3

< 0.001

5.5 ± 8.9

12.6 ± 9.0

11.4 ± 8.1

0.001

0.051

 Δprotein intake (g/day)

-0.4 ± 22.8

0.938

-1.5 ± 20.8

1.3 ± 20.9

-1.0 ± 29.8

0.826

0.011

 Δ%protein (%)

3.6 ± 3.8

< 0.001

2.9 ± 3.4

3.3 ± 3.9

5.4 ± 3.8

0.009

0.036

  1. Data are shown as mean ± SD. The participants were divided into 3 groups according to baseline hemoglobin A1c levels. The parameter change for each biomarker (Δ) was defined as the level after 6 months minus the level at baseline. *Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) = 10.93 × National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (%) - 23.52. P†: Wilcoxon test between baseline and after 6 months in all patients.