Three-graded stratification of carbohydrate restriction by level of baseline hemoglobin A1c for type 2 diabetes patients with a moderate low-carbohydrate diet

Table 3 Comparison of ΔHA1c between carbohydrate reduction predominant and less predominant patients: stratified analysis by tertile of Δtotal energy intake

Group	Δtotal energy (kcal/day)	P*	Energy from Δcarbohydrate (kcal/day)	Energy from Δfat (kcal/day)	ΔHbA1c† (%)	P
Δtotal energy Group 1 (n = 41)	-939 ± 422
Carbohydrate reduction predominant patients (n = 16)	-866 ± 325	0.557	-817 ± 264	-11 ± 140	-1.6 ± 1.5	0.185‡
Carbohydrate reduction less predominant patients (n = 25)	-984 ± 476	0.557	-591 ± 325	-165 ± 154	-1.3 ± 1.6	0.185‡
Δtotal energy Group 2 (n = 41)	-347 ± 106
Carbohydrate reduction predominant patients (n = 28)	-331 ± 104	0.178	-455 ± 211	113 ± 231	-1.4 ± 1.7	0.008§
Carbohydrate reduction less predominant patients (n = 13)	-380 ± 108	0.178	-214 ± 96	-82 ± 72	-0.3 ± 0.6	0.008§
Δtotal energy Group 3 (n = 40)	99 ± 208
Carbohydrate reduction predominant patients (n = 37)	101 ± 216	0.980	-241 ± 184	256 ± 191	-0.6 ± 0.9	0.258‡
Carbohydrate reduction less predominant patients (n = 3)	74 ± 54	0.980	193 ± 104	-142 ± 44	-0.1 ± 0.6	0.258‡

Data are shown as mean ± SD. P*: Mann–Whitney test between carbohydrate reduction predominant patients and less predominant patients.
†: Hemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) = 10.93 × National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (%) - 23.52. ‡: Mann–Whitney test, §: t-test.

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