Table 2 Summary of changes in lipid profile after chronic supplementation of tocotrienols
From: Bioavailability of tocotrienols: evidence in human studies
No | Reference | Study design | Subject (F/M) | Dose (per day) | Duration | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Qureshi et al. [42] | Double-blind, crossover | 25 hypercholesterolemic subjects (11 F/14 M) | 200 mg TRF | 4 weeks per intervention | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ApoB: ↓ |
300 mg corn oil (placebo) | HDL cholesterol, TAG, ApoA1: ↔ | |||||
2 | Tan et al. [37] | Single arm | Preliminary study: 9 healthy subjects (2 F/7 M) | 42 mg TRF | 30 days | Total cholesterol: ↓ (n = 3), ↔ (n = 6) |
|  | Single arm | Follow-up study: 22 healthy subjects (0 F/22 M) | 42 mg TRF | 30 days | Total cholesterol:↓ (n =4), ↔ (n = 18) | |
LDL cholesterol: ↓ (n = 5), ↔ (n = 17) | ||||||
HDL cholesterol: ↓ (n = 3), ↔ (n = 19) | ||||||
TAG: ↓ (n = 2), ↔ (n = 20) | ||||||
3 | Wahlqvist et al. [38] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel | 35 hypercholesterolemic subjects (19 F/ 16 M) | 60, 120, 180, 240 mg TRF | 16 weeks | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TAG: ↔ |
9, 18, 27, 36Â mg TRF in palm superolein (placebo) | ||||||
4 | Tomeo et al. [46] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel | 50 subjects with carotid artery atherosclerosis (27 F/ 23 M) | 160, 200, 240 mg TRF | 18 months | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TAG: ↔ |
300Â mg palm superolein (placebo) | ||||||
5 | Qureshi et al. [52] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel | 41 hypercholesterolemic subjects (22 F/ 19 M) | 200 mg TRF25 | 4 weeks per phase | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ApoB, Lp(a): ↓ |
300Â mg tocopherol-stripped corn oil (placebo) | ||||||
HDL cholesterol, TAG, ApoA1: ↔ | ||||||
6 | Mensink et al. [43] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel | 40 mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects (0 F/40 M) | 160 mg TRF/d | 6 weeks | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TAG, Lp(a): ↔ |
80 mg α-tocopherol (placebo) | ||||||
7 | O’ Byrne et al. [56] | Randomized, parallel | 51 hypercholesterolemic subjects (29 F/22 M) | 250 mg α-, γ-, δ-tocotrienyl acetate | 8 weeks | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol: ↑ |
HDL cholesterol, TAG, ApoB, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio: ↔ | ||||||
250Â mg medium-chain triacylglycerols (placebo) | ||||||
8 | Qureshi et al. [53] | Randomized, double-blind, crossover | 28 hypercholesterolemic subjects (gender not specified) | 50 mg TRF25 | 175 days (35 days per phase) | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ApoB, Total/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio: ↓ |
HDL cholesterol, TAG: ↔ | ||||||
9 | Qureshi et al. [41] | Randomized, parallel | 90 hypercholesterolemic subjects (15 F/75 M) | 25, 50, 100, 200 mg TRF25 | 105 days (35 days per phase) | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, ApoB: ↓ |
HDL cholesterol, ApoA1: ↑ | ||||||
2000 mg tocols-stripped rice bran oil (placebo) | TAG: ↔ | |||||
10 | Baliarsingh et al. [36] | Randomized, double-blind, crossover | 19 T2DM subjects with hyperlipidemia (9 F/10 M) | 6 mg TRF/kg body weight | 60 days per treatment | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol: ↓ |
HDL cholesterol, TAG, Total/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio: ↔ | ||||||
100Â mg TRF-free rice bran oil (placebo) | ||||||
11 | Rasool et al. [39] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel | 36 healthy subjects (0 F/36 M) | 80, 160, 320 mg TRF | 2 months | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol: ↔ |
Corn flour (placebo) | ||||||
12 | Rasool et al. [40] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel | 36 healthy subjects (0 F/36 M) | 50, 100, 200 mg TRF | 2 months | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol: ↔ |
Soybean oil (placebo) | ||||||
13 | Zaiden et al. [55] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel | 19 hypercholesterolemic subjects (6 F/13 M) | 120 mg γδ-T3 | 8 weeks | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol: ↔ |
1200Â mg olive oil (placebo) | ||||||
TAG: ↓ | ||||||
14 | Yuen et al. [44] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel | 32 hypercholesterolemic subjects (12 F/20 M) | 300 mg TRF | 6 months | Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Total/HDL cholesterol ratio, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio: ↓ |
300Â mg soya bean oil (placebo) | ||||||
HDL cholesterol, TAG: ↔ |