Table 5 Proposed beneficiary and detrimental effects of CLA from clinical studies

Obesity

Reduced body fat mass

Oxidative stress

Reduced body mass index

Abdominal irritations

Reduced body fat percentage

Reduced body fat regain

Increased lean body mass

Improved muscle mass

Cardiovascular diseases

Improved blood lipid profile

Enhanced production of circulatory markers of oxidative stress

Reduced total cholesterol

Immune disorders

Enhanced the levels of protective antibodies

Elevated levels of inflammatory markers in circulation

Induced lymphocyte proliferation

Reduced delayed hypersensitivity responses

Cancer

Reduced the risks of colorectal, testicular and breast cancers

Increased oxidative stress

Diabetes

Enhanced insulin sensitivity

Dysregulation of blood glucose and insulin

Insulin resistance

Decreased expression of GLUT4