| |
Baseline
|
Week 4
|
Week 8
|
Week 12
|
Change
3
|
---|
Total Cholesterol mmol/L
|
VLCARB
|
5.92 ± 0.21
|
5.38 ± 0.20
|
5.68 ± 0.29
|
5.82 ± 0.26
|
-0.09 ± 0.20
|
|
VLF
|
5.64 ± 0.23
|
4.83 ± 0.20
|
4.94 ± 0.23
|
5.15 ± 0.26
|
-0.49 ± 0.14
|
|
HUF
|
6.09 ± 0.23
|
5.11 ± 0.23
|
5.27 ± 0.26
|
5.62 ± 0.24
|
-0.47 ± 0.15
|
LDL Cholesterol2 mmol/L
|
VLCARB
|
3.83 ± 0.18
|
3.57 ± 0.21
|
3.89 ± 0.28
|
4.01 ± 0.26
|
0.18 ± 0.18a
|
|
VLF
|
3.65 ± 0.22
|
3.05 ± 0.18
|
3.16 ± 0.20
|
3.25 ± 0.22
|
-0.40 ± 0.11b
|
|
HUF
|
4.12 ± 0.24
|
3.38 ± 0.20
|
3.54 ± 0.25
|
3.78 ± 0.22
|
-0.34 ± 0.14b
|
ApoB g/L
|
VLCARB
|
1.01 ± 0.05
| |
0.94 ± 0.05
|
1.00 ± 0.05
|
-0.02 ± 0.05
|
|
VLF
|
0.97 ± 0.05
| |
0.85 ± 0.05
|
0.89 ± 0.06
|
-0.07 ± 0.02
|
|
HUF
|
1.05 ± 0.06
| |
0.93 ± 0.06
|
0.99 ± 0.05
|
-0.06 ± 0.02
|
HDL Cholesterol2 mmol/L
|
VLCARB
|
1.26 ± 0.05
|
1.27 ± 0.05
|
1.26 ± 0.05
|
1.32 ± 0.05
|
0.06 ± 0.03a
|
|
VLF
|
1.31 ± 0.07
|
1.18 ± 0.05
|
1.15 ± 0.06
|
1.25 ± 0.06
|
-0.06 ± 0.04b
|
|
HUF
|
1.26 ± 0.05
|
1.15 ± 0.05
|
1.15 ± 0.05
|
1.19 ± 0.04
|
-0.06 ± 0.03b
|
Triacylglycerols2 mmol/L
|
VLCARB
|
1.83 ± 0.19
|
1.20 ± 0.12
|
1.16 ± 0.10
|
1.11 ± 0.10
|
-0.73 ± 0.12a
|
|
VLF
|
1.51 ± 0.13
|
1.31 ± 0.10
|
1.38 ± 0.12
|
1.44 ± 0.13
|
-0.06 ± 0.13b
|
|
HUF
|
1.56 ± 0.11
|
1.27 ± 0.12
|
1.29 ± 0.11
|
1.42 ± 0.12
|
-0.15 ± 0.07b
|
Glucose mmol/L
|
VLCARB
|
5.3 ± 0.1
|
5.2 ± 0.1
|
5.3 ± 0.1
|
5.3 ± 0.1
|
-0.1 ± 0.1
|
|
VLF
|
5.3 ± 0.1
|
5.1 ± 0.1
|
5.2 ± 0.1
|
5.3 ± 0.1
|
-0.1 ± 0.1
|
|
HUF
|
5.4 ± 0.1
|
5.4 ± 0.1
|
5.2 ± 0.1
|
5.2 ± 0.1
|
-0.2 ± 0.1
|
Insulin2 mU/L
|
VLCARB
|
10.7 ± 1.1
|
8.2 ± 0.8
|
8.1 ± 1.0
|
7.1 ± 0.8
|
-3.6 ± 0.5a
|
|
VLF
|
8.6 ± 0.7
|
8.2 ± 0.7
|
7.8 ± 0.8
|
9.9 ± 1.9
|
1.3 ± 1.7b,c
|
|
HUF
|
9.1 ± 0.6
|
9.0 ± 0.6
|
7.9 ± 0.6
|
7.4 ± 0.7
|
-1.7 ± 0.5a,c
|
Folate nmol/L
|
VLCARB
|
23.13 ± 1.46
| | |
22.52 ± 1.03
|
-0.61 ± 0.84
|
|
VLF
|
23.99 ± 1.42
| | |
27.54 ± 1.10
|
3.54 ± 1.30
|
|
HUF
|
23.95 ± 1.32
| | |
24.83 ± 1.61
|
0.88 ± 1.82
|
Homocysteine2 umol/L
|
VLCARB
|
7.28 ± 0.33
| | |
7.76 ± 0.39
|
0.56 ± 0.27a
|
|
VLF
|
7.30 ± 0.45
| | |
6.80 ± 0.34
|
-0.50 ± 31b,c
|
|
HUF
|
7.14 ± 0.32
| | |
7.19 ± 0.30
|
-0.04 ± 0.22a,c
|
C reactive protein mg/L
|
VLCARB
|
5.27 ± 0.71
| |
.
|
4.51 ± 0.60
|
-0.76 ± 0.56
|
|
VLF
|
4.52 ± 0.78
| | |
3.42 ± 0.70
|
-1.10 ± 0.50
|
|
HUF
|
4.52 ± 0.70
| | |
4.17 ± 0.71
|
-0.35 ± 0.71
|
- 1mean ± SEM
- VLCARB = very low carbohydrate (n = 24) VLF = very low fat (n = 22) HUF = high unsaturated fat (n = 21)
- 2 Significant main effect of diet using repeated measures ANOVA with time as the within subject factor and diet as the between subject factor after adjustment for weight loss as a covariate (P < 0.05)
- 3 When significant main effect of diet detected, post hoc analysis was conducted using Tukeys test. Variables with the different superscripts are significantly different from one another (P < 0.05)