Minimal nutrition intervention with high-protein/low-carbohydrate and low-fat, nutrient-dense food supplement improves body composition and exercise benefits in overweight adults: A randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Average daily energy and macronutrient intake from PRE to Week 1–2 and Week 3–10 ( $\bar{x}$ ± SE).

	PRE	Week 1–2	Week 3–10
Total Energy Intake (kcal/d)*
CON	2076 ± 168.0	1853 ± 167	1945 ± 66
EX	2039 ± 196.0	2021 ± 127	1951 ± 115
EXFS	2166 ± 160.0	1865 ± 99^a	1854 ± 98^a
Total Protein Intake (g/d)**
CON	84.1 ± 8.8	90.9 ± 8.8	90.6 ± 11.6
EX	82.4 ± 5.9	75.8 ± 5.2	74.8 ± 5.1
EXFS	86.3 ± 8.5	102.2 ± 3.3	131.3 ± 4.0^a,b,c
Total Carbohydrate Intake (g/d)*
CON	253.0 ± 23.1	205.1 ± 19.0	238.0 ± 16.6
EX	268.4 ± 23.1	263.1 ± 19.4	253.5 ± 20.3
EXFS	261.5 ± 20.9	205.0 ± 19.4^a	190.3 ± 10.5^a
Total Fat Intake (g/d)*
CON	80.9 ± 6.7	74.3 ± 7.0	70.1 ± 5.5
EX	70.6 ± 10.6	73.9 ± 5.7	70.7 ± 4.3
EXFS	86.1 ± 7.7	70.7 ± 4.5^a	63.1 ± 4.3^a,b
Total Fiber Intake (g/d)**
CON	15.7 ± 1.3	15.3 ± 1.7	16.8 ± 2.1
EX	16.3 ± 1.8	16.5 ± 1.6	15.5 ± 1.8
EXFS	18.9 ± 2.1	19.5 ± 0.8	22.9 ± 0.9^a,b

Representative daily intake was calculated as the mean of values as determined from 3-day food logs, recorded weekly by each participant. CON = control; EX = exercise only; EXFS = exercise + food supplement. One shake per day, was consumed during Week 1–2; two shakes, per day, were consumed during Week 3–10. *Main effect for time (p ≤ 0.05); **Group-by-Time interaction (p ≤ 0.05). ^aDifferent from PRE (p ≤ 0.017); ^bDifferent from Week 1–2 (p ≤ 0.05); ^cDifferent from EX (p ≤ 0.05).

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