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Table 4 Lipid panel, glucose, insulin, HOMA and leptin changes for the high energy, high carbohydrate diet + exercise (HED; 2,600: 55:15:30), no diet + exercise (ND), very low carbohydrate, high protein diet + exercise (VLCHP: 1,200; 63:7:30), low carbohydrate, moderate protein diet + exercise (LCMP: 1,200; 50:20:30), high carbohydrate, low protein diet + exercise (HCLP: 1,200; 55:15:30).

From: Effects of a popular exercise and weight loss program on weight loss, body composition, energy expenditure and health in obese women

    

P-value

Variable

Group

Mean

14 Week Delta

Within Group

G × T

Total Cholesterol (mmo·L-1)

HED

-0.14

(-0.49, +0.22)

0.46

0.90

 

ND

-0.23

(-0.63, +0.17)

0.28

 
 

VLCHP

-0.04

(-0.19, +0.11)

0.60

 
 

LCMP

-0.13

(-0.36, +0.11)

0.31

 
 

HCLP

-0.17

(-0.33, -0.01)

<0.05

 
 

CON

-0.15

(-0.62, +0.32)

0.55

 

HDL Cholesterol (mmol·L-1)

HED

0.05

(-0.04, +0.14)

0.28

0.78

 

ND

-0.05

(-0.16, +0.06)

0.40

 
 

VLCHP

0.02

(-0.03, +0.08)

0.38

 
 

LCMP

0.01

(-0.05, +0.07)

0.75

 
 

HCLP

-0.01

(-0.07, +0.05)

0.67

 
 

CON

0.02

(-0.14, +0.18)

0.80

 

LDL Cholesterol (mmol·L-1)

HED

-0.28

(-0.64, +0.07)

0.15

0.54

 

ND

-0.17

(-0.50, +0.17)

0.35

 
 

VLCHP

-0.07

(-0.23, +0.09)

0.39

 
 

LCMP

0.05

(-0.21, +0.31)

0.71

 
 

HCLP

-0.10

(-0.27, +0.07)

0.27

 
 

CON

-0.23

(-0.60, +0.14)

0.27

 

Triglycerides (mmol·L-1)

HED

0.18

(-0.09, +0.46)c

0.22

0.31

 

ND

-0.04

(-0.31, +0.23)

0.79

 
 

VLCHP

-0.11

(-0.32, +0.10)

0.30

 
 

LCMP

-0.33

(-0.59, -0.06)

<0.05

 
 

HCLP

-0.13

(-0.30, +0.05)

0.18

 
 

CON

0.12

(-0.59, +0.33)

0.63

 

Insulin (pmol·L-1)

HED

1.66

(-0.91, +4.24)

0.23

0.08

 

ND

-0.45

(-1.24, +0.33)

0.28

 
 

VLCHP

-1.23

(-2.15, -0.30)

<0.05

 
 

LCMP

-0.82

(-2.45, +0.82)

0.33

 
 

HCLP

-0.10

(-0.61, +0.41)

0.69

 
 

CON

0.58

(-1.95, +3.12)

0.29

 

Glucose (mmol·L-1)

HED

-0.12

(-0.42, +0.18)

0.45

0.68

 

ND

-0.15

(-0.32, +0.03)

0.12

 
 

VLCHP

-0.24

(-0.43, -0.04)

<0.05

 
 

LCMP

-0.08

(-0.42, +0.26)

0.65

 
 

HCLP

-0.22

(-0.35, -0.10)

<0.001

 
 

CON

-0.08

(-0.40, +0.25)

0.66

 

(HOMA-IR)

HED

0.36

(-0.26, +0.97)

0.28

0.06

 

ND

-0.12

(-0.31, +0.07)

0.23

 
 

VLCHP

-0.35

(-0.58, -0.12)

<0.01

 
 

LCMP

-0.17

(-0.57, +0.23)

0.40

 
 

HCLP

-0.06

(-0.19, +0.07)

0.38

 
 

CON

0.17

(-0.18, +0.52)

0.37

 

Leptin (pg·mL-1)

HED

-11.4

(-24.7, +2.0)

0.41

<0.01

 

ND

-10.5

(-20.2, -0.9)

<0.05

 
 

VLCHP

-13.9

(-24.0, -3.9)

0.95

 
 

LCMP

-28.5

(-40.5, -16.5)

<0.001

 
 

HCLP

-20.6

(-29.3, -12.0)

<0.001

 
 

CON

24.9

(+1.1, +48.7)

<0.001

 
  1. Dietary intake is presented as energy (i.e. calories) intake: % carbohydrate: protein: fat. All data is presented as the mean plus the 95% confidence intervals for the delta response at week 14. Main effects for time are provided as within-group P-values. Group × time interaction effects are provided as GxT P-values. Significance level was set at 0.05.
  2. cDifferent than LCMP, P < 0.05.