Table 1 Food groups used in the dietary pattern analysis: the NHANES III 1
Food Groups2 | Foods from the Food Frequency Questionnaire3 |
|---|---|
Low-fat dairy | 1% milk, 2% milk, skim milk, and yogurt/frozen; Swiss, cheddar, and cottage cheeses |
High-fat dairy | Chocolate milk, whole milk, ice cream, ice milk, milk shakes, and cheese dishes |
Pizza/lasagna | Pizza, calzone, and lasagna |
Soups | Stew or soup with vegetables |
Processed meats | Bacon, sausage, lunch meats, liver, and organ meats |
Meats | Beef, hamburger, steaks, pork, and ham |
Fish and other sea food | Shrimp, clams, oysters, and lobster; Fish: fillets, sticks, and tuna |
Poultry | Chicken (all types) |
Egg | Scrambled, fried, and omelettes |
Fruit/fruit juices | Fruits: oranges, grape fruit, cantaloupe, honey dew, water melon, peaches, nectarines, apricots, mango, apples, bananas, pears, berries, grapes, and strawberries; Juices: Orange, grapefruit, tangerine, grape, apple, and cranberry |
Starchy vegetables | White potatoes, French fries, potato salad, sweet potatoes, yams, squash, and carrots |
Tomatoes | Tomatoes including fresh and stewed tomatoes, tomato juice, and salsa |
Cruciferous and green vegetables | Broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, coleslaw, sauerkraut, spinach, greens, kale, and tossed salad |
Other vegetables | Hot red chili peppers, peppers (green, red, and yellow), green beans, corn, peas, mushrooms, and zucchini |
Legumes | Beans, lentils, kidney, pinto, refried, black, and baked |
Nuts | Peanuts, peanut butter, nuts, and seeds |
Cereal | Cooked, hot cereals, oatmeal, cream of wheat/rice, grits, and cold breakfast cereals |
Whole grains | Dark breads, whole wheat, and rye |
Refined grains | White bread, rolls, English muffins, crackers, corn bread, corn muffins, corn/flour tortillas, and rice |
Snacks and sweets | Salted snacks, potato chips, pretzels, popcorn, cakes, cookies, brownies, pies, doughnuts, chocolate candies, and fudge |
Fats | Oil and vinegar, mayonnaise, and salad dressings |
High energy drinks | Hi-C®, Tang®, Hawaiian Punch®, regular colas, and sodas |
Low-energy drinks | Diet colas/sodas and crystal light |
Coffee/tea | Coffee and tea |
Alcohol | Beer, wine, and hard liquor |