Amino Acids | Autism Group | Neuro-typical Group | % Difference | p-value | Neurotypical Reference Range (10th and 90th percentiles) | Autism Group % below RR | Autism Group % above RR | Tietz Ref. Range | Lepage et al Reference Range at 6 yr (top) and 16 yr (bottom) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential Amino Acids | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Histidine | 8.84 +/- 2.0 | 8.2 +/- 1.3 | Â | 0.06 | 6.4-9.8 | 15% | 36% | Â | 6.3-9.3 7.7-10.7 |
Isoleucine | 5.26 +/- 1.0 | 5.8 +/- 1.6 | -9% | 0.05 | 4.1-8.3 | 16% | 0% | 3.8-9.5 (6-18 yr, serum) | 4.0-6.9 4.7-7.4 |
Leucine | 10.7 +/- 2.2 | 10.7 +/- 2.1 | Â | n.s. | 8.2-13 | 13% | 11% | 7.9-17.4 (6-18 yr, serum) | 8.6-13.6 10.1-15.9 |
Lysine | 13.5 +/- 3.8 | 14.5 +/- 4.8 | Â | n.s. | 8.7-22 | 11% | 2% | Â | 9.6-18.1 15.7-24.2 |
Methionine | 1.83 +/- 0.46 | 1.75 +/- 0.34 | Â | n.s. | 1.4-2.3 | 16% | 13% | 1.6-3.7 (6-18 yr, serum) | 1.4-2.5 2.0-3.4 |
Phenylalanine | 4.45 +/- 0.62 | 4.83 +/- 0.83 | -8% | 0.01 | 3.9-6.0 | 20% | 0% | 4.8-10.9 (adult, serum) | 4.0-6.1 4.7-7.4 |
Threonine | 9.25 +/- 2.9 | 8.88 +/- 2.1 | Â | n.s. | 6.7-11 | 18% | 16% | Â | 6.5-12.5 10.4-18.8 |
Tryptophan | 3.49 +/- 1.2 | 4.33 +/- 1.0 | -19% | 0.001 * | 2.7-5.6 | 24% | 4% | Â | 3.7-7.6 5.4-9.3 |
Valine | 19.5 +/- 3.8 | 20.5 +/- 4.3 | Â | n.s. | 16-27 | 16% | 4% | 15.6-28.8 (6-18 yr, serum) | 16.5-23.4 17.8-27.5 |
Other Amino Acids | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Alanine | 36.4 +/-10.5 | 33.4 +/- 8.9 | Â | n.s. | 24-45 | 7% | 18% | 19.3-54.5 (6-18 yr, serum) | 18.2-31.9 24.0-48.2 |
Arginine | 6.50 +/- 2.4 | 6.7 +/- 1.8 | Â | n.s | 4-9.35 | 16% | 9% | Â | 5.0-9.9 6.8-12.8 |
Asparagine | 4.33 +/- 1.0 | 4.40 +/- 0.85 | Â | n.s. | 3.6-5.7 | 30% | 8% | Â | 3.1-6.7 3.7-8.1 |
Aspartate | 0.71 +/-0.29 | 0.78 +/- 0.38 | Â | 0.08 | 0.39-1.25 | 8% | 6% | Â | 0.3-0.6 0.2-0.5 |
Cystine (oxidized form of cysteine) | 3.22 +/- 0.82 | 3.48 +/- 0.74 | Â | n.s. | 2.4-4.25 | 15% | 11% | Â | Â |
Glutamate | 6.5 +/- 1.5 | 5.5 +/- 1.3 | +18% | 0.001 * | 4.2-7.7 | 6% | 26% | Â | 1.3-6.5 1.1-4.6 |
Glutamine | 43.3 +/- 9.0 | 41.6 +/- 6.9 | Â | n.s. | 34-52 | 16% | 20% | 36-74 (6-18 yr, serum) | 49.3-72.4 55.1-79.7 |
Glycine | 26.7 +/- 8.1 | 27.3 +/- 10.1 | Â | n.s. | 16-39 | 4% | 6% | Â | 14.4-28.2 18.3-32.2 |
Proline | 15.7 +/- 5.5 | 15.8 +/- 4.9 | Â | n.s. | 11.5-24 | 20% | 7% | Â | 9.3-20.1 11.3-27.1 |
Serine | 10.4 +/- 2.5 | 9.47 +/- 2.1 | +10% | 0.04 | 6.9-12 | 5% | 15% | Â | 9.6-15.5 10.1-17.7 |
Tyrosine | 5.51 +/- 1.2 | 6.1 +/- 1.6 | -10% | 0.03 | 4.8-8 | 31% | 4% | 4.4-7.2 (adult) | 3.9-6.5 4.6-8.7 |