Table 3 Studies outlining the effects of supplementing dietary linoleic acid levels (g/day) on changes in plasma/serum phospholipid arachidonic acid level

Anderson [44]

Parallel intervention

N = 8

3 months

Olive oil (0.2)

8.46 (N.S.)

Olive oil supplement

N = 9

Olive oil (0.2)

9.05 (N.S.)

Provided LA for two different groups

Thies [45]

Randomized, double-blind, parallel intervention

N = 8

12 weeks

Oil blend (0.64)

3.38 (N.S.)

Different oil blends were sources of LA

Placebo oil (0.9)

5.25 (N.S.)

Geppert [21]

Randomized double- blind parallel intervention

N = 20

8 weeks

Oil blend (0.86)

-7 (p < 0.05)

Blend palm, rapeseed and sunflower oil

Johansson [46]

Randomized, double-blind, crossover

N = 12

4 weeks

Sea buckthorn berry oil (0.90)

-2.2 (N.S.)

Sea buckthorn berry oil is 17.9% LA.

Kew [47]

Double-blind, parallel intervention

N = 42

4 weeks

Olive oil (0.92)

-13.04 (N.S.)

Buckley [48]

Double-blind parallel intervention

N = 45

4 weeks

Olive oil (0.95)

-7.14 (N.S.)

Yaqoob [34]

Randomized, double- blind parallel intervention

N = 8 per group

12 weeks

Placebo (coconut/soybean oil) (1.0)

20 (N.S.)

Olive oil (1.2)

-2.1 (N.S.)

Sunflower oil (6.95)

16 (N.S.)

Wallace [49]

Randomized, double- blind parallel intervention

N = 8

12 weeks

Oil blend (1.52)

-6.97 (N.S.)

N = 8

palm/soybean oil (1.7)

2.43 (N.S.)

Miles [27]

Randomized, double-blind parallel intervention

N = 8

12 weeks

Placebo (palm/sunflower oil) (2.07)

2.19 (N.S.)

Grimsgaard [20]

Double-blind, parallel intervention

N = 78

7weeks

Corn oil (2.24)

3.1 (p < 0.05)

Conquer [50]

Double-blind, parallel intervention

N = 24

42 days

Corn oil (2.39)

1.12 (N.S.)

Finnegan [51]

Double-blind, parallel intervention

N = 50

6 months

Safflower/sunflower (11.6)

7.19 (N.S.)

Test oils provided as margarine and capsules