Table 2 Mean daily dietary intake at baseline and during the study (12 wk) for each treatment group¹

Total energy (kcal/d) ^2,4

2122 ± 630

1510 ± 225*^,a

1910 ± 415

1300 ± 200*

1960 ± 500

1300 ± 200*

Energy (kJ/d)

8880 ± 2640

6340 ± 940

8000 ± 1740

5460 ± 850

8200 ± 2100

5440 ± 825

Carbohydrate (% EN)

51.8 ± 7.8

50.9 ± 5.4

48.7 ± 4.6

51.0 ± 4.8

52.6 ± 6.2

53.6 ± 5.2

Protein (% EN) ²^^{, 4}

14.0 ± 2.5

19.0 ± 1.8*^,a

15.1 ± 2.5

17.4 ± 2.1*^{, b}

14.4 ± 3.0

16.7 ± 2.5*^{, b}

Fat (% EN)

31.8 ± 5.1

28.1 ± 4.7*

35.3 ± 4.9

30.1 ± 3.9*

31.9 ± 5.1

28.2 ± 4.7*

SFA (% fat) ²^^{, 4}

49.9 ± 5.8

50.5 ± 6.2^a

44.9 ± 5.9

41.1 ± 3.6*^{, b}

46.4 ± 5.0

41.3 ± 3.9*^{, b}

SFA (%EN) ^{2γ, 4}

11.0 ± 2.8

11.5 ± 2.9^a

11.8 ± 1.9

9.8 ± 1.5*^,ba

10.3 ± 2.3

9.2 ± 1.8^b

MUFA (% fat) ^{2γ, 4}

32.5 ± 3.8

31.7 ± 4.0^a

33.9 ± 4.1

36.9 ± 3.0*^{, b}

34.0 ± 3.5

37.6 ± 2.6*^{, b}

MUFA (%EN)^3,4

7.2 ± 2.1^a

7.2 ± 1.5^a

9.0 ± 2.0 ^b

8.8 ± 1.3 ^b

7.6 ± 2.1 ^ab

8.5 ± 1.9 ^b

PUFA (% fat) ⁴

17.6 ± 4.9

17.7 ± 3.5^a

21.2 ± 5.6

22.0 ± 2.8 ^b

19.6 ± 4.0

21.0 ± 2.9 ^b

PUFA (%EN)⁴

3.8 ± 1.3 ^a

4.0 ± 0.8^a

5.7 ± 2.0 ^b

5.2 ± 0.8 ^b

4.3 ± 1.1 ^ab

4.7 ± 1.0 ^b

n6:n3 ratio^{2,γ, 4}

8.9 ± 3.3

6.6 ± 3.1*

8.8 ± 3.8

8.7 ± 2.5

10.7 ± 5.5

7.9 ± 2.8*

Cholesterol (mg/d)

214.3 ± 97.0

182.4 ± 64.1

239.0 ± 128.9

148.7 ± 43.8*

207.1 ± 104.3

152.2 ± 54.1*

Biotin (μg/d) ²^^{, 4}

8.3 ± 5.9

16.1 ± 5.7*^,a

8.2 ± 3.9

8.5 ± 4.7 ^b

9.9 ± 6.4

9.9 ± 5.1 ^b

Calcium (mg/d) ²^^{, 4}

772.3 ± 243.4

1244.8 ± 108.0*^,a

644.0 ± 122.4

1035.1 ± 72.3*^,b

711.7 ± 202.6

449.0 ± 69.7*^,c

Niacin (mg/d)

15.9 ± 6.0

13.9 ± 3.8

15.0 ± 5.3

15.4 ± 4.8

15.4 ± 3.7

15.3 ± 5.2

Pantothenic acid (mg/d) ²^^{, 4}

2.3 ± 1.1

3.41 ± 0.7*^,a

2.2 ± 0.9

2.1 ± 0.71 ^b

2.2 ± 0.9

2.4 ± 0.9 ^b

Riboflavin (mg/d) ²^^,4

1.3 ± 0.4

1.76 ± 0.3*^,a

1.2 ± 0.4

0.95 ± 0.3 ^b

1.3 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3*^{, b}

Thiamin (mg/d)

1.2 ± 0.35

1.1 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.4

1.1 ± 0.4

Vitamin B₆ (mg/d)

1.2 ± 0.5

1.3 ± 0.4*

1.2 ± 0.5

1.3 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.6*

Vitamin B₁₂ (μg/d) ²^^{, 4}

2.7 ± 1.7

3.8 ± 1.7*^,a

3.2 ± 1.8

2.2 ± 1.0*^,b

2.2 ± 1.1

2.3 ± 1.4 ^b

Vitamin D (μg/d) ²^^{, 4}

1.8 ± 1.1

4.8 ± 2.1*^,a

1.8 ± 0.7

0.9 ± 0.8*^,b

1.9 ± 1.3

1.1 ± 0.8*^{, b}