Long-term aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplementation modulate osteoporosis through inflammatory mechanisms in post-menopausal women: a randomized, repeated measures study

Tartibian, Bakhtyar; Hajizadeh Maleki, Behzad; Kanaley, Jill; Sadeghi, Karim

doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-71

Table 3 Baseline, Week 12, and 24 Values of Bone Mineral Density, Inflammatory Markers, and Osteoporosis Biomarkers in Different Groups of Post-Menopausal Women

From: Long-term aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplementation modulate osteoporosis through inflammatory mechanisms in post-menopausal women: a randomized, repeated measures study

Variables Groups	S+E	E	S	Con	*P <
L₂-L₄ BMD (g/cm²)
Baseline	0.79 ± 0.12	0.79 ± 0.12	0.78 ± 0.12	0.79 ± 0.14	0.995
Week 12	0.84 ± 0.14	0.81 ± 0.12	0.79 ± 0.11	0.79 ± 0.13	0.51
CfB	0.05 ± 0.15	0.02 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.09	-0.01 ± 0.06
(%)	3.3 (0, 15.6)	0.7 (-1.3, 7.5)	0 (-1, 10)	0 (0, 0)
Week 24	0.91 ± 0.07 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	0.84 ± 0.13 ^{1, 4}	0.83 ± 0.1 ^{1, 4}	0.73 ± 0.14 ^{1, 2, 3} †#	*0.001
CfB	0.13 ± 0.15	0.05 ± 0.14	0.05 ± 0.13	-0.06 ± 0.16
(%)	15.8 (3.3, 42.5)	7.6 (0, 19.9)	1.5 (-0.2, 18)	-8.5 (-23.9, 0)
Femoral neck BMD (g/cm ² )
Baseline	0.68 ± 0.11	0.67 ± 0.10	0.67 ± 0.10	0.69 ± 0.08	0.981
Week 12	0.78 ± 0.17 ^{2, 3, 4} †	0.71 ± 0.15 ⁴	0.71 ± 0.09 ^{1, 4}	0.65 ± 0.07 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.013
CfB	0.11 ± 0.21	0.03 ± 0.21	0.03 ± 0.07	-0.04 ± 0.06
(%)	17.9 (-10.6, 48.9)	3.6 (-12.2, 21.2)	1.9 (0, 6.7)	-2.8 (-5.9, -1.4)
Week 24	0. 87 ± 0.17 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	0.74 ± 0.13 ^{1, 4}	0.74 ± 0.15 ^{1, 4}	0.63 ± 0.09 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	0.19 ± 0.18	0.07 ± 0.19	0.07 ± 0.13	-0.06 ± 0.1
(%)	19.3 (-2.5, 56.8)	8 (-11.2, 22.9)	17 (-3.4, 25.3)	-7.5 (-11.4, -0.3)
TNF-α (pg/ml)
Baseline	79 ± 15.4	77.6 ± 17.1	76.6 ± 17.3	79.8 ± 8.3	0.943
Week 12	44.9 ± 20.3 ^{2, 3, 4} †	68.5 ± 16.9 ^{1, 4}	61.1 ± 24.2 ^{1, 4} †	83.6 ± 8.6 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	-34.1 ± 24.7	-9.2 ± 29.3	-16.9 ± 33.1	3.8 ± 6.7
(%)	-47 (-55.7, -33.8)	-22.1 (-27.2, 9.3)	-27.4 (-50.9, -2.3)	5.4 (0, 12.4)
Week 24	19.7 ± 17.4 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	58.2 ± 28.1 ^{1, 3, 4}	34 ± 31.8 ^{1, 2, 4} †#	88.3 ± 20.6 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	-59.3 ± 23.7	-19.4 ± 31.9	-42.5 ± 30.8	8.5 ± 17.9
(%)	-81.7 (-85.6, -78.4)	-16.1 (-64.1, 8.9)	-76.9 (-83.5, -10)	8.8 (0.5, 17.1)
IL-6 (pg/ml)
Baseline	49.3 ± 26.5	50.7 ± 25.1	48.8 ± 27.2	51.6 ± 20.5	0.991
Week 12	40.2 ± 17.3	49.6 ± 30.9	46.4 ± 29.9	54.6 ± 29.2	0.547
CfB	-9.1 ± 14.8	-1.1 ± 37.8	-2.4 ± 31.1	3.1 ± 31.3
(%)	-11.2 (-24.2, 12.2)	-0.4 (-49.3, 72.4)	0.1 (-39.6, 21.6)	-13.5 (-37.9, 66.3)
Week 24	21.9 ± 10 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	43 ± 26.5 ^{1, 4}	40.8 ± 26.6 ^{1, 4}	63 ± 30.3 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	-27.4 ± 29.7	-7.7 ± 48.3	-8 ± 24.2	11.4 ± 37.9
(%)	-40.8 (-76.4, -31.4)	-37.8 (-70.1, 155.6)	-24.5 (-40.7, 3)	20.1 (-39.8, 120)
PGE₂ (pg/ml)
Baseline	16.2 ± 4.9	16.6 ± 5.7	16.6 ± 5.9	16.1 ± 5.3	0.991
Week 12	11.2 ± 4.2 ^{3, 4} †	12.8 ± 4.9 ^{3, 4}	15.1 ± 2.7 ^{1, 2}	17.6 ± 2.8 ^{1, 2}	*0.001
CfB	-5 ± 6.1	-3.8 ± 6.6	-1.6 ± 7.4	1.6 ± 5
(%)	-27.5 (-53.1, 10)	-7.4 (-29.2, 0)	-7 (-35.4, 26.6)	3.4 (-10.3, 47.3)
Week 24	4.6 ± 2.3 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	11.3 ± 4.1 ^{1, 4} †	12.6 ± 3 ^{1, 4} †	17.3 ± 2.7 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	-11.5 ± 5.9	-5.3 ± 8.4	-4 ± 7.4	1.2 ± 5.4
(%)	-69.9 (-80.1, -65)	-29.7 (-58.5, -2.8)	-32 (-51.4, 15.4)	6 (-17.5, 43.2)
Estrogen (pg/ml)
Baseline	15 ± 7.4	15.6 ± 8.1	15.8 ± 8	14.8 ± 8.5	0.983
Week 12	24 ± 7.1 ^{2, 3, 4} †	17 ± 7.7 ^{1, 4}	18.6 ± 6 ^{1, 4}	12.7 ± 7.4 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	8.9 ± 11	1.4 ± 11.1	2.7 ± 10.4	-2.1 ± 13
(%)	65.9 (40.7, 134.2)	-14.4 (-36.9, 96.7)	-1.7 (-26, 127.5)	1.4 (-45.8, 35.2)
Week 24	33.7 ± 11.9 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	20.2 ± 7.4 ^{1, 4}	21.4 ± 8.1 ^{1, 4}	12.9 ± 8.5 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	18.7 ± 11.6	4.6 ± 10.4	5.5 ± 10.2	-1.8 ± 8.8
(%)	126.6 (50, 215)	52.8 (-8.8, 102.4)	56 (-24.2, 108)	0 (0, 0)
Osteocalcin (ng/ml)
Baseline	26.3 ± 8.7	25.8 ± 8.4	26.7 ± 8.6	24.4 ± 7.7	0.891
Week 12	34.4 ± 8.4 ⁴ †	27.2 ± 8.7	28.5 ± 10.1	23.6 ± 8.2 ¹	*0.016
CfB	8.1 ± 12.2	1.4 ± 12.1	1.8 ± 14.7	-0.8 ± 11
(%)	37.8 (-13.4, 83.4)	6.7 (-19.9, 55.2)	-2.4 (-34.7, 27.8)	0 (-13.5, 27.4)
Week 24	39.2 ± 8.7 ^{2, 3, 4} †	29.8 ± 10.5 ¹	28.1 ± 9.6 ¹	22.6 ± 7.3 ¹	*0.001
CfB	12.9 ± 14.7	4 ± 12.9	1.4 ± 15.1	-1.8 ± 7.6
(%)	89.1 (9.9, 131.1)	4.6 (-21.7, 67)	15.1 (-30.9, 74.4)	0 (-7.7, 0)
1, 25 Vit D (pg/ml)
Baseline	39.9 ± 19.1	41.5 ± 21.9	39.3 ± 17.2	42.3 ± 20.6	0.974
Week 12	50 ± 19.1 †	44.6 ± 17.9	45.4 ± 19.8	41.4 ± 15.7	0.648
CfB	10.1 ± 28.7	3 ± 30.4	6.1 ± 24.7	-1 ± 25.1
(%)	15.1 (-8.4, 132.5)	-28.3 (-39, 146.5)	32.7 (-33.6, 103.2)	-11.7 (-34.7, 84.5)
Week 24	66.9 ± 14.3 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	54.9 ± 23.1 ^{1, 4}	49.4 ± 19.1 ^{1, 4}	38 ± 19.9 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.007
CfB	26 ± 23	13.4 ± 26.1	7.2 ± 28.5	-4.3 ± 32.8
(%)	62.4 (4, 204.6)	53 (6.8, 76.7)	44.9 (-34.7, 103.2)	-9.2 (-53.5, 62.1)
CTX (ng/ml)
Baseline	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	0.988
Week 12	0.4 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.1	0.635
CfB	-0.1 ± 0.2	0 ± 0.2	0 ± 0.2	0 ± 0.2
(%)	-6.3 (-18.8, 24)	-21.7 (-44.2, 47.7)	0 (-25.3, 20.1)	-3.7 (-27.5, 42.8)
Week 24	0.3 ± 0.1 ⁴ †	0.4 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.1 ¹	*0.006
CfB	-0.2 ± 0.2	-0.1 ± 0.2	0 ± 0.2	0 ± 0.2
(%)	-32.8 (-50.2, 0.6)	-8.1 (-27.5, 26.3)	5 (-22.6, 23.2)	-0.9 (-25.5, 53.1)
PTH (pg/ml)
Baseline	90.7 ± 39.5	92.5 ± 46.6	88.1 ± 42.8	94.9 ± 46.6	0.98
Week 12	53.9 ± 34.4 ^{2, 3, 4} †	83 ± 40.5 ^{1, 4}	87.8 ± 39.8 ^{1, 4}	92.9 ± 44.6 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.047
CfB	-36.8 ± 60.3	-9.4 ± 58.7	-0.1 ± 63.6	-2 ± 57.2
(%)	-57.6 (-70.4, -8.9)	-34.8 (-54.6, 88.6)	31.4 (-52.4, 63.7)	16.6 (-43.8, 79.2)
Week 24	35.8 ± 19.1 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	68.8 ± 36.9 ^{1, 3, 4}	80.8 ± 40 ^{1, 2, 4}	97.5 ± 40.5 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	-54.9 ± 42	-23.6 ± 54.5	-7.3 ± 41.3	2.6 ± 66.9
(%)	-52.4 (-67.8, -28.5)	-29.6 (-54.4, 19)	-8.9 (-31, 53.9)	9.9 (-41.6, 125.8)
CT(pg/ml)
Baseline	1.6 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.4	1.6 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.4	0.862
Week 12	12.4 ± 4.7 ^{2, 3, 4} †	7.9 ± 4.2 ^{1, 4} †	6.8 ± 2.7 ^{1, 4} †	1.6 ± 0.3 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	10.8 ± 4.8	6.4 ± 4.1	5.2 ± 2.7	0 ± 0.5
(%)	709.5 (557.6, 955.2)	729.3 (426.1, 1114.3)	313.4 (182.2, 474.5)	6.8 (-16.3, 25.2)
Week 24	24 ± 11.8 ^{2, 3, 4} †#	10.2 ± 7 ^1,4 †	8.9 ± 3.4 ^{1, 4} †	1.6 ± 0.4 ^{1, 2, 3}	*0.001
CfB	22.5 ± 11.8	8.6 ± 6.7	7.2 ± 3.4	0 ± 0.6
(%)	1181.8 (939.1, 2014.6)	838.8 (658, 1217.1)	435.7 (287.1, 546.7)	1.6 (-26.5, 42.7)
Ca²⁺ (mg/dl)
Baseline	9.6 ± 0.7	9.5 ± 0.7	9.3 ± 0.7	9.3 ± 0.7	0.503
Week 12	9.3 ± 0.9	9.4 ± 1	9.3 ± 0.8	9.4 ± 0.7	0.963
CfB	-0.4 ± 1	-0.2 ± 1.2	0 ± 1.2	0.1 ± 1.2
(%)	-3 (-12.4, 4.2)	-0.7 (-15.4, 9.2)	0.1 (-7.4, 2.1)	1.3 (-9.4, 15.6)
Week 24	9 ± 0.8	9.1 ± 0.8	9.3 ± 0.7	9.4 ± 0.7	0.483
CfB	-0.7 ± 1.1	-0.5 ± 0.8	-0.1 ± 1.1	0.1 ± 1.1
(%)	-9.7 (-12.1, 0.3)	-7 (-9.5, -3.1)	-3.9 (-9.4, 11.2)	4.2 (-10.1, 10.3)
Phosphorus (mg/dl)
Baseline	3.7 ± 0.6	3.8 ± 0.5	3.9 ± 0.7	3.6 ± 0.6	0.489
Week 12	3.6 ± 0.6	3.9 ± 0.6	3.6 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.7	0.608
CfB	-0.1 ± 1	0.1 ± 0.8	-0.3 ± 0.9	0.2 ± 0.7
(%)	-4.2 (-16.3, 26.3)	3.6 (-15.7, 22.2)	-7.5 (-20.7, 9.8)	0 (-2.6, 24.1)
Week 24	3.2 ± 0.6	3.5 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.8	3.6 ± 0.7	0.185
CfB	-0.5 ± 0.9	-0.3 ± 1	-0.2 ± 1.2	0.1 ± 0.7
(%)	-10.7 (-35.7, 7.6)	-15.7 (-23.7, 2.9)	5 (-29, 14.8)	0 (-11.7, 14.1)

E+S = Exercise + Supplement; E = Exercise; S = Supplement; Con = Control; CfB: Change from Baseline.
*: P < 0.05, significant difference between groups.
†: P < 0.05, significantly different from baseline values (within groups, baseline vs. week 12).
#: P < 0.05, significantly different from week 12 values (within groups, week 12 vs. week 24).
Superscripts denote significant differences among the groups (E+S = 1; E = 2; S = 3; and Con = 4).

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