Effects of grapefruit, grapefruit juice and water preloads on energy balance, weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk in free-living obese adults

Table 1 Preload Properties *

	Weight	Energy	Energy Density	Water	Vitamin C	Fiber	Naringin**
	(g)	(kcal)	(kcal/g)	(g)	(mg)	(g)	(mg)
Grapefruit	128	42	0.331	115.8	42.3	1.13	27.1
Grapefruit Juice	127	46	0.370	115.0	48.3	0.13	39.6
Water	127	0	0	127.0	0	0	0

*The amounts of each variable are based on averaging several pieces of fruit and juice using values obtained from NDS-R, Bowes & Church's [34], and data provided by the State of Florida Department of Citrus.
**Naringin content was chosen to represent bioflavonoid content as it comprises the majority of total flavanones in GF and GFJ, and has been associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors. The Davis spectrophotometric method [66] was used to determine flavanones contents.

ISSN: 1743-7075