Effects of grapefruit, grapefruit juice and water preloads on energy balance, weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk in free-living obese adults

Table 2 Baseline Descriptive Characteristics of Subjects Randomized to Preload Group (n = 85)*

Characteristic	Grapefruit Group	Grapefruit Juice Group	Water Group
	(n = 29)	(n = 28)	(n = 28)
Completed Study (#, %)	23 (79.3%)	22 (78.6%)	23 (82.1%)
Gender
Male	11 (37.9%)	3 (10.7%)	7 (25%)
Female	18 (62.1%)	25 (89.3%)	21 (75%)
Race
Caucasian	13 (44.8%)	19 (67.9%)	19 (67.9%)
African American	16 (55.2%)	9 (32.1%)	9 (32.1%)
Education
High School Degree	3 (10.3%)	3 (10.7%)	3 (10.7%)
Undergraduate Degree	15 (51.7%)	17 (60.7%)	21 (75.0%)
Graduate Degree	11 (37.9%)	8 (28.6%)	4 (14.3%)
Past Smoker^c	2 (6.9%)	5 (17.9%)	3 (10.7%)
Age (years ± SD)^a	37.6 ± 7.4	39.8 ± 8.4	38.7 ± 8.8
Height (cm ± SD)	165.9 ± 8.4	165.1 ± 6.4	166.9 ± 8.9
Weight (kg ± SD)	99.8 ± 13.8	95.9 ± 11.5	99.5 ± 13.5
Body Mass Index (mean ± SD)^b	36.3 ± 3.1	35.2 ± 3.1	35.7 ± 3.5
Assessment of Eating Disorder
EAT-26^d	10.6 ± 6.4	10.4 ± 5.9	9.1 ± 5.9
Dietary Restraint Score^e	10.5 ± 4.4	10.9 ± 3.5	10.7 ± 4.0
Disinhibition Score^e	7.5 ± 2.7	8.2 ± 3.4	8.6 ± 3.0
Hunger Tendency Score^e	5.3 ± 2.6	6.3 ± 3.2	6.1 ± 3.3
Depression History	1 (3.4%)	3 (10.7%)	2 (7.1%)
Metabolic Syndrome^f	11 (37.9%)	6 (21.4%)	6 (21.4%)

a. Age 21-50 years required at study entry.
b. BMI 30-39.9 required to meet study eligibility.
c. Current (within past year) non-smoker required to meet study eligibility.
d. EAT-26 measures general eating disorder pathology; score ≥ 20 was criteria for study exclusion.
e. Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, dietary restraint score ≥ 14 was criteria for study exclusion.
f. Meeting ≥ 3 of 5 NCEP-ATPIII criteria.
* Demographic characteristics were not significantly different at baseline among randomly assigned preload groups based on Chi-square test of independence for categorical variables and one-way ANOVA for continuous variables.

ISSN: 1743-7075