Table 1 Study participant characteristics 1
Sex | p† | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 300) | Female (n = 707) | ||
Age (years) | 22.7 ± 2.5 | 22.6 ± 2.4 | 0.4363 |
Ethnicity | |||
Caucasian | 137 (28.72) | 340 (71.28) | 0.0039 |
East Asian | 94 (26.86) | 256 (73.14) | |
South Asian | 48 (44.86) | 59 (55.14) | |
Other | 21 (28.77) | 52 (71.23) | |
Hormonal contraceptive use among women | 221 (31.26) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 3.5 | 22.4 ± 3.5 | <0.0001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 80.1 ± 8.9 | 71.2 ± 7.6 | <0.0001 |
Physical Activity (Met-h/wk) | 7.7 ± 3.2 | 7.6 ± 3.0 | 0.5423 |
Serum ascorbic acid (μmol/L) | 26.9 ± 14.6 | 32.1 ± 18.1 | <0.0001 |
Plasma α-tocopherol (μmol/L) | 29.4 ± 11.1 | 30.3 ± 12.1 | 0.3859 |
Plasma 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 46.8 ± 20.1 | 54.5 ± 26.5 | <0.0001 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 45 ± 25.5 | 49.2 ± 31.1 | 0.0599 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 0.4176 |
IL-1RA (pg/mL) | 320.9 ± 206.9 | 322.8 ± 180.2 | 0.5030 |
IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 185 ± 132.7 | 201.3 ± 134.7 | 0.0275 |
IP-10 (pg/mL) | 558.2 ± 290.7 | 613.1 ± 478.4 | 0.3515 |
PDGF-bb (pg/mL) | 1316.7 ± 2642.2 | 1152.8 ± 1729 | 0.5038 |
RANTES (pg/mL) | 2378.7 ± 3176.2 | 2465.7 ± 1350.6 | 0.0023 |