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Table 2 Mean dietary intake of participants by categories of dietary phytochemical index at baseline (2006–2008) 1

From: Association between dietary phytochemical index and 3-year changes in weight, waist circumference and body adiposity index in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose study

 

(n = 1938)

 

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P 1

Dietary phytochemical index

     

Range

<20.9

20.9-28.3

28.4–37.1

>37.1

 

Mean

17.4 ± 5.6

25.4 ± 6.4

32.9 ± 8.3

42.7 ± 10.7

 

Energy intake (kcal/d)

2763 ± 26

2374 ± 24

2172 ± 24

1822 ± 25

<0.001

Carbohydrate (% of total energy)

54.7 ± 0.3

56.1 ± 0.3

58.4 ± 0.3

61.2 ± 0.3

<0.001

Fat (% of total energy)

33.3 ± 0.3

32.6 ± 0.3

30.8 ± 0.3

28.5 ± 0.3

<0.001

Protein (% of total energy)

12.9 ± 0.1

13.4 ± 0.1

13.7 ± 0.1

14.4 ± 0.1

<0.001

Total fiber (g/d)

36.1 ± 0.8

36.1 ± 0.7

38.3 ± 0.7

41.4 ± 0.8

<0.001

Total carotenoids (μg/d)

6330 ± 303

9364 ± 267

11237 ± 263

12774 ± 294

<0.001

Vitamin E (mg/d)

10.9 ± 0.2

12.1 ± 0.2

11.7 ± 0.2

11.9 ± 0.2

<0.001

Vitamin C (mg/d)

77.3 ± 3.8

141 ± 3.4

167 ± 3.3

195 ± 3.6

<0.001

Whole grains (g/d)

7.5 ± 4.1

63.0 ± 3.6

120 ± 3.6

177 ± 4.0

<0.001

Fruits (g/d)

149 ± 11.8

365 ± 10.3

437 ± 10.2

528 ± 11.4

<0.001

Vegetables (g/d)

207 ± 9.2

284 ± 8.1

327 ± 8.0

358 ± 8.9

<0.001

Legumes (g/d)

11.8 ± 1.0

14.6 ± 0.9

17.9 ± 0.9

17.7 ± 1.0

<0.001

Seeds (g/d)

0.3 ± 0.2

1.9 ± 0.2

1.8 ± 0.2

3.1 ± 0.2

<0.001

Nuts (g/d)

3.0 ± 0.4

6.9 ± 0.4

8.7 ± 0.4

9.8 ± 0.4

<0.001

Olive oil (g/d)

0.1 ± 0.1

0.6 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0.1

1.4 ± 0.1

<0.001

Soy sources (g/d)

1.0 ± 0.2

1.7 ± 0.1

1.6 ± 0.1

2.5 ± 0.2

0.005

  1. 1 Data are age-and energy adjusted mean ± SEM.
  2. 2P values compared the dietary intakes of participants across quartiles of dietary phytochemical index using linear regression models with adjustment of sex, age and energy intakes.