Table 3 Prevalence and likelihood of having high serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) in persons with serum creatinine < 130 μmol/L concentrations in the post-folic acid fortification period: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 1999-20041

Race-ethnicity

< 0.0001

   Non-Hispanic white (n = 7995)⁶

3.0

1.0

--

   Non-Hispanic black (n = 4247)

0.8

0.28 (0.18, 0.44)

< 0.0001

   Mexican American/Hispanic (n = 5996)

2.8

1.1 (0.81, 1.50)n

n/s

Age

< 0.0001

   < 60 y (n = 14090)⁶

1.8

1.0

--

   60 y (n = 4148)

6.8

4.38 (3.58, 5.36)

< 0.0001

Supplement use⁷

< 0.0001

   Yes (n = 7506)⁶

2.3

1.0

--

   No (n = 10732)

3.1

1.93 (1.48, 2.52)

< 0.0001

Serum vitamin B-12⁸

< 0.0001

   < 148 pmol/L (n = 343)

26.3

13.3 (9.0, 19.5)

< 0.0001

   148 pmol/L (n = 17895)⁶

2.2

1.0

--