Study | Cases1 | Controls1 | P values |
Overall finding | Comments | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total glutathione (μmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | Rose et al. 2008 [50] |
5.69 ± 1.37 5.08 ± 1.38 | 7.53 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 | lower | ALAD CG + CC significantly lower than GG p = 0.007. |
Pastural et al. 2009 [82] | Not provided | Not provided | < 0.05 | lower | |||
Erythrocyte | ASD | Adams et al. 2009 [65, 67] | 501 ± 246 | 427-714 | same | Paediatric values are lower than the reference range for adults provided by the laboratory. | |
Whole | AD | Pasca et al. 20094 [60] | 161.16 ± 41.36 | 242.67 ± 118.77 | 0.02 | lower | SEM converted to SD. Not treated to prevent oxidation |
Blood | PDD-NOS | Pasca et al. 20094 [60] | 209.96 ± 94.63 | 213.32 ± 98.55 | ns | same | As above. |
AS | Pasca et al. 20094 [60] | 147.31 ± 74.26 | 171.29 ± 92.69 | ns | same | As above. | |
Free glutathione (μmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | James et al. 20063,4 [47] | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | < 0.0001 | lower | |
Rose et al. 2008 [50] | 1.60 ± 0.57 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | lower | ALAD CG + CC significantly lower than GG P = 0.02 | ||
1.4 ± 0.48 | Same controls as James et al. 2006. | ||||||
James et al. 20093,4 [48] | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 0.008 | lower | Cases with abnormal methylation or tGSH:GSSG only. | ||
Reduced glutathione (μmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | ASD | Geier & Geier 2006 [66] | 64% lower | < 0.01 | lower | Sample preparation not provided. | |
Geier & Geier 2009 [90] | 3.1 ± 0.53 | 4.2 ± 0.72 | < 0.0001 | lower | |||
ASD | Geier & Geier 2009 [91] | 3.14 ± 0.56 | 4.2 ± 0.72 | < 0.0001 | lower | ||
Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 3.23 ± 0.48 | 4.09 ± 0.79 | < 0.0001 | lower | |||
Oxidised glutathione (μmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | Rose et al. 2008 [50] |
0.32 ± 0.127 0.32 ± 0.128 | 0.24 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | higher | No significant difference between ALAD CG + CC and GG. |
Total glutathione: oxidised glutathione | |||||||
Plasma | AD | James et al. 20043 [46] | 8.6 ± 3.5 | 25.5 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 | lower | |
James et al. 20063,4 [47] | 14.7 ± 6.2 | 28.2 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 | lower | |||
Rossignol et al. 20075 [49] | 28.47 ± 4.599 | 28.2 ± 7.0 | Cases more likely to be severe as requested | ||||
44.68 ± 14.1910 | HBOT. Controls from James et al. 2006. | ||||||
Rose et al. 2008 [50] | 20.45 ± 8.77 | 28.2 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 | lower | ALAD CG + CC significantly lower than GG | ||
17.4 ± 5.78 | P = 0.03. Controls from James et al. 2006. | ||||||
James et al. 20093,4 [48] | 21 ± 6 | 47 ± 18 | < 0.005 | lower | Cases abnormal methylation or tGSH:GSSG only. | ||
Free: oxidised glutathione | |||||||
Plasma | AD | James et al. 20063,4 [47] | 4.9 ± 2.2 | 7.9 ± 3.5 | < 0.0001 | lower | |
Rose et al. 2008 [50] |
5.64 ± 2.67 4.81 ± 1.88 | 7.9 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 | lower | ALAD CG + CC significantly lower than GG P = 0.05 | ||
Reduced: oxidised glutathione | |||||||
Plasma | ASD | Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 8.0 ± 3.2 | 10.1 ± 4.5 | 0.01 | lower | |
Al-Yafee et al. 2011 [85] | 8.03 ± 2.46 | 26.07 ± 5.03 | 0.001 | lower | |||
Homocysteine (μmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | Moretti et al. 2005 [54] | 6 | 4-14 | ns | Case study compared with reference values | |
Pastural et al. 2009 [82] | Not provided | Not provided | ns | ns | Result control normalised graph. | ||
Serum | Geier & Geier 2006 [66] | 62% lower | < 0.01 | Does not state whether fasted or not. | |||
CSF | AD | Moretti et al. 2005 [54] | 0.424 | 0.032-0.114 | high | Case study compared with reference values | |
Cysteine (μmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | Pastural et al. 2009 [82] | Not provided | Not provided | < 0.05 | lower | Result provided graphically as relative to homocysteine. |
ASD | Geier & Geier 2006 [66] | 81% lower | < 0.01 | ||||
Serum | AD | Visconti et al. 19946 [69] |
40.56 ± 5.6811 41.04 ± 15.5612 | 40.26 ± 12.72 | ns | same | |
Cystine (mmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | Khaleeluddin & Philpott 1980 [93] | 5/6 low | Concentrations and reference range not provided. | |||
D'Eufemia et al. 19953 [70] | 78.3 ± 17.5 | 72.5 ± 19.9 | ns | ns | Units incorrectly labelled mmol/L in Table 1. Correctly labelled μmol/L in Figure 3. | ||
ASD | Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 32.2 ± 8.2 | 34.8 ± 7.4 | ns | ns | Fasted. | |
Cystathione (μmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | Khaleeluddin & Philpott 1980 [93] | 1/6 high | ||||
Serum | ASD | Geier & Geier 2006 [66] | 68% low | < 0.05 | Details of sample preparation not provided. | ||
Cysteinylglycine (μmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | James et al. 20064,5 [47] | 38.9 ± 11 | 39.4 ± 7.3 | 0.78 | ns | |
James et al. 20094,5 [48] | 40 ± 9 | 45 ± 6 | < 0.005 | lower | Cases abnormal methylation or tGSH:GSSG only. | ||
ASD | Suh et al. 2008 [77] | 17.5 ± 6.8 | 10.5 ± 4.1 | 0.0008 | higher | ||
Serine (μmol/L) | |||||||
Serum | AD | Visconti et al. 19946 [69] | 130.59 ± 24.849 | 143.79 ± 30.08 | ns | ns | |
151.45 ± 50.4310 | 143.79 ± 30.08 | ns | ns | ||||
D'Eufemia et al. 19953 [70] | 163.5 ± 32.1 | 169.1 ± 47.3 | ns | ns | Units incorrectly labelled mmol/L in Table 1. Correctly labelled μmol/L in Figure 3. | ||
Shinohe et al. 20064 [75] | ns | ns | Results presented graphically | ||||
Plasma | AD | Pasca et al. 20095 [60] | 99.46 ± 13.56 | 125.23 ± 47.31 | 0.08 | trend | SEM converted to SD. |
ASD | Aldred et al. 2003 [88] | ns | ns | Results presented graphically. | |||
Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 104 ± 25 | 94.7 ± 21 | 0.04 | high | |||
(platelet poor) | Tirouvanziam et al. 2011 [86] | 85.23 ± 26.5 | 112.30 ± 27.3 | 0.0013 | low | Data obtained from author. | |
PDD-NOS | Pasca et al. 20095 [60] | 113.31 ± 22.84 | 114.6 ± 38.23 | ns | ns | SEM converted to SD. | |
AS | Pasca et al. 20095 [60] | 96.2 ± 14.3 | 124.75 ± 49.07 | ns | ns | SEM converted to SD. | |
Glycine (μmol/L) | |||||||
Serum | AD | Visconti et al. 19946 [69] | 225.88 ± 36.238 | 245.63 ± 60.19 | ns | ns | |
225.06 ± 24.079 | ns | ns | |||||
D'Eufemia et al. 19953 [70] | 246.7 ± 52.2 | 257.7 ± 55.3 | ns | ns | Units incorrectly labelled mmol/L in Table 1. Correctly labelled μmol/L in figures. | ||
Shinohe et al. 20064 [75] | ns | ns | Results presented graphically | ||||
Plasma | AD | Pasca et al. 2009 [60] | 184.20 ± 46.67 | 217.23 ± 52.46 | 0.09 | ns | SEM converted to SD |
ASD | Aldred et al. 2003 [88] | ns | ns | Results presented graphically. | |||
Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 267 ± 81 | 273 ± 101 | ns | ns | |||
(platelet poor) | Tirouvanziam et al. 2011 [86] | 192.8 ± 46.8 | 190.3 ± 49.5 | ns | ns | Data obtained from author. | |
PDD-NOS | Pasca et al. 20095 [60] | 207.94 ± 10.31 | 209.73 ± 42.31 | ns | ns | SEM converted to SD. | |
AS | Pasca et al. 20095 [60] | 188.6 ± 30.39 | 224.0 ± 49.81 | ns | ns | SEM converted to SD. | |
Glutamate (μmol/L) | |||||||
Serum | AD | Visconti et al. 19946 [69] | 61.89 ± 22.698 | 77.16 ± 50.01 | ns | ns | |
72.28 ± 44.429 | 77.16 ± 50.01 | ns | ns | ||||
D'Eufemia et al. 19953 [70] | 77.3 ± 24.5 | 72.4 ± 21.2 | ns | ns | Units incorrectly labelled mmol/L in Table 1. Correctly labelled μmol/L in figures. | ||
Shinohe et al. 20064 [75] | 89.2 ± 21.5 | 61.1 ± 16.5 | < 0.001 | higher | High correlation with ADI-R social scores (r = 0.523, P = 0.026) | ||
ASD | Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 65 ± 15 | 55 ± 13 | 0.001 | higher | ||
Plasma | Arnold et al. 2003 [89] | 51 ± 3213 | 48 ± 15 | ns | |||
42 ± 2314 | 48 ± 15 | ns | |||||
Plasma (platelet poor) | Tirouvanziam et al. 2011 [86] | 104.06 ± 33.85 | 82.71 ± 34.20 | 0.039 | higher | Data obtained from authors. | |
Glutamate (nmol/10 8 ) | |||||||
Platelets | AD | Rolf et al. 19934 [68] | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | < 0.02 | lower | Findings presented graphically. |
Vitamin B6 (nmol/L) | |||||||
Plasma | AD | Sankar 19797 [92] | 753.6 ± 31.7 | Reference | Not | higher | |
Range (147.8-254.2) | provided | ||||||
Khaleeluddin & Philpott | 4/9 high | Not | higher | ||||
1980 [93] | provided | higher | |||||
ASD | Adams et al. 2004 [73] | 224.55 ± 30.35 | 129.47 | < 0.001 | higher | ||
Adams et al. 2006 [76] | 226.58 ± 84.97 | 145.66 ± 35.60 | 0.001 | higher | |||
Vitamin B6 as pyridoxyl-5-phosphate (nmol/L) | |||||||
Erythrocyte | ASD | Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 72.44 ± 64.75 | 61.51 ± 21.45 | ns | ns | |
Selenium (μmol/L) | |||||||
Erythocytes | AD | Jory and McGinnis 20074,5 [78] | 3.12 ± 0.54 | 3.67 ± 0.38 | 0.0006 | lower | |
Whole blood | ASD | Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 2.63 ± 0.36 | 2.67 ± 0.25 | ns | ns | |
Selenium (μg/g) | |||||||
Erythrocytes | ASD | Adams et al. 2011 [87] | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | ns | ns |