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Table 4 Serum concentration of biochemical markers of bone metabolism and hormones in newborn piglets from the Control group and the groups being under prenatal influence of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG Group), β -hydroxy- β -methylbutyrate (HMB Group) or alpha-ketoglutarate and β -hydroxy- β -methylbutyrate (AH Group)

From: Effects of combined maternal administration with alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on prenatal programming of skeletal properties in the offspring

Investigated parameter

Control Group

AKG Group

HMB Group

AH Group

(n = 12)

(n = 12)

(n = 12)

(n = 12)

Osteocalcin (ng/mL)

24.0 ab

28.5 a

23.9 ab

16.5 b

± 3.7

± 4.2

± 3.5

± 3.4

Bone alkaline phosphatase activity (U/L)

20.9 a

28.8 b

27.9 b

26.4 b

± 1.4

± 1.6

± 1.3

± 1.9

Growth hormone (ng/mL)

18.1 a

23.4 ab

28.0 bc

34.1 c

± 1.9

± 2.6

± 1.9

± 3.2

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (μg/L)

49.1 a

97.9 b

73.8 c

113.2 b

± 4.8

± 9.5

± 2.9

± 10.8

  1. Values are means ± SEM.
  2. abcMean values that do not share common superscript letter in the same row differ significantly for P < 0.05 as compared by multiple range Duncan’s test.