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Table 5 Serum concentration of biochemical markers of bone metabolism and hormones in 90-day old pigs from the Control group and the groups being under prenatal influence of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG Group), β -hydroxy- β -methylbutyrate (HMB Group) or alpha-ketoglutarate and β -hydroxy- β -methylbutyrate (AH Group)

From: Effects of combined maternal administration with alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on prenatal programming of skeletal properties in the offspring

Investigated parameter

Control Group

AKG Group

HMB Group

AH Group

(n = 12)

(n = 12)

(n = 12)

(n = 12)

Osteocalcin (ng/mL)

4.8 a

3.9 a

4.4 a

5.9 b

± 0.2

± 0.2

± 0.2

± 0.4

Bone alkaline phosphatase concentration (μg/L)

220 a

345 b

330 b

242 c

± 4.4

± 13.3

± 7.1

± 6.5

Growth hormone (ng/mL)

3.4 ab

2.6 a

3.4 ab

4.7 b

± 0.9

± 0.3

± 0.5

± 0.7

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (μg/L)

18.5 a

63.5 b

29.1 c

86.4 d

± 1.9

± 3.5

± 3.7

± 9.4

  1. Values are means ± SEM.
  2. abcMean values that do not share common superscript letter in the same row differ significantly for P < 0.05 as compared by multiple range Duncan’s test.