Table 1 Baseline characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients in the present study (n = 66)
Metabolic syndrome (-) (n = 38) | Metabolic syndrome (+) (n = 28) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender, male/female | 18/20 | 9/19 | 0.210 |
Age, years | 63 ± 1 (36-78) | 67 ± 2 (40-88) | 0.101 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 0.53 (19.1-32.7) | 25.9 ± 0.62 (20.9-36.4) | 0.016 |
Waist circumference, cm | 84.1 ± 1.3 (69-104) | 91.4 ± 1.3 (65-109) | 0.002 |
Estimated visceral fat area, cm2 | 97 ± 7 (34-192) | 154 ± 8 (101-226) | < 0.0001 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | 74.4 ± 2.9 (34.4-114) | 64.8 ± 3.3 (28.8-97.3) | 0.039 |
Blood glucose, mg/dL | 131 ± 46 (83-261) | 130 ± 7 (84-196) | 0.823 |
Fasting immunoreactive insulin, μIU/mL (n = 50) | 8.6 ± 0.9 (2.9-15.0) | 9.0 ± 1.1 (2.9-26.2) | 0.860 |
HbA1c (NGSP), % | 7.1 ± 0.1 (5.9-10.6) | 7.2 ± 0.2 (5.6-9.6) | 0.702 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 130 ± 2 (105-180) | 134 ± 3 (110-160) | 0.708 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 74 ± 1 (60-100) | 76 ± 1 (60-91) | 0.423 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 109 ± 9 (41-260) | 150 ± 12 (78-396) | 0.011 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 59 ± 2 (34-97) | 54 ± 2 (38-93) | 0.181 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 111 ± 5 (57-208) | 116 ± 6 (57-203) | 0.550 |
Smoking (none/ex-/current-smoker) | 15/13/10 | 9/13/6 | 0.604 |
Brinkman index | 531 ± 106 (0-3000) | 538 ± 124 (0-1800) | 0.622 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 10 ± 1 (1-38) | 11 ± 1 (1-38) | 0.529 |
Diabetic neuropathy | 7 | 10 | 0.104 |
Diabetic retinopathy (NDR/SDR/PDR) | 31/3/4 | 18/6/4 | 0.314 |
Diabetic nephropathy (stage I/II/III) | 25/8/5 | 16/5/7 | 0.359 |
Hypertension | 11 | 22 | 0.009 |
Dyslipidemia | 21 | 21 | 0.100 |
Medications for hypertension (CA/ACEIorARB/β/diuretics/α) | 7/12/3/1/1 | 15/18/3/2/1 | 0.309 |
Medications for diabetes (SU/BG/αGI/glinide/Insulin) | 15/8/7/2/11 | 11/11/8/0/5 | 0.157 |
Medications for dyslipidemia (statins/fibrate) | 16/0 | 16/0 | 0.125 |
Serum adiponectin, μg/mL (all; n = 66) | 9.8 ± 0.9 (2.3-33.5) | 8.4 ± 1.1 (2.2-21.5) | 0.235 |
adiponectin, μg/mL (males) | 8.5 ± 1.1 (2.3-23.0) | 7.6 ± 1.2 (2.2-21.5) | 0.583 |
adiponectin, μg/mL (females) | 11.2 ± 1.5 (3.9-33.5) | 9.8 ± 1.9 (4.2-11.5) | 0.576 |
Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), pg/mL (all; n = 66) | 3.37 ± 0.39 (0.33-13.75) | 2.36 ± 0.45 (0.33-5.4) | 0.286 |
IL-6, pg/mL (males) | 3.92 ± 0.59 (0.81-13.75) | 2.16 ± 0.63 (0.33-5.4) | 0.075 |
IL-6, pg/mL (females) | 2.71 ± 0.46 (0.33-5.59) | 2.73 ± 0.60 (0.81-4.75) | 0.582 |
Serum TBARS, nmol/mL (all, n = 66) | 4.49 ± 0.15 (2.68-7.30) | 4.68 ± 0.18 (3.01-6.56) | 0.423 |
TBARS, nmol/mL (males) | 4.45 ± 0.20 (2.68-6.10) | 4.44 ± 0.21 (3.01-6.56) | 0.958 |
TBARS, nmol/mL (females) | 4.53 ± 0.24 (3.24-7.30) | 5.23 ± 0.35 (4.00-6.20) | 0.112 |
FSSG scores | 2.5 ± 1.4 (0-24) | 8.6 ± 1.8 (0-24) | 0.015 |
< 8/≥ 8 | 33/5 | 18/10 | 0.031 |