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Table 1 Main participant characteristics according to Tertiles of MSG intake

From: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) intake is associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural Thai population

Characteristics

 Total (n = 349)

MSG intake

P

Tertile 1 (n = 116)

Tertile 2 (n = 117)

Tertile 3 (n = 116)

Median MSG intake (g/day)

3.6 (2.3–5.25)

1.9 (1.5–2.3)

3.6 (3.2–4.2)

6.0 (5.2–7.4)

 

Women

217 (62.2%)

72 (62.1%)

72 (61.5%)

73 (62.9%)

0.976 2

Age (years)

46.0 (40.0–50.0)

44.0 (40.0–49.0) 1

46.0 (40.0–51.0)

47.0 (42.0–50.0)

0.044 2

Family history of diabetes

102 (29.2%)

36 (31.0%)

31 (26.5%)

35 (30.2%)

0.721 2

Smoking status

     

 Never smoked

256 (73.3%)

84 (72.4%)

83 (71.0%)

89 (76.7%)

0.264 2

 Former

10 (2.9%)

3 (2.6%)

4 (3.4%)

3 (2.6%)

 

 Current

83 (23.8%)

29 (25.0%)

30 (25.6%)

24 (20.7%)

 

Physical activity/lifestyle

     

 Sedentary

48 (13.7%)

14 (12.1%)

17 (14.5%)

17 (14.7%)

0.721 2

 Moderately active

70 (20.1%)

27 (23.3%)

19 (16.3%)

24 (20.7%)

 

 Vigorously active

231 (66.2%)

75 (64.6%)

81 (69.2%)

75 (64.6%)

 

Daily nutrient intake

     

 Energy intake (Kcal)

2,032 (1,747–2,397)

2,051 (1,758–2,381) 1

2,029 (1,687–2,380)

2,017 (1,765–2,413)

0.905 2

 Carbohydrate (g)

333.8 (275.8–412.3)

342.2 (280.9–413.8) 1

328.1 (260.2–422.7)

341.2 (280.8–407.2)

0.569 2

 Fat (g)

33.1 (25.9–43.4)

34.1 (26.1–42.1) 1

32.8 (26.3–44.2)

31.7 (24.5–43.7)

0.739 2

 Total protein (g)

81.1 (68.8–96.9)

82.5 (70.7–97.6) 1

81.1 (67.6–93.0)

70.4 (67.5–95.3)

0.437 2

Metabolic parameters

     

 HOMA-IR

2.3 (1.7–3.3)

2.1 (1.6–2.8) 1

2.3 (1.6–3.3)

2.4 (1.9–3.5)

0.028 2

  % HOMA-IR >3

96 (27.5%)

24 (20.7%)

33 (28.2%)

39 (33.6%)

0.028 3

 Insulin (ng/dL)

9.1 (7.0–13.2)

8.5 (6.6–12.0) 1

9.0 (6.8–13.0)

9.9 (7.5–14.1)

0.041 2

 Glucose (mg/dL)

97.0 (92.0–104.0)

97.0 (92.0–104.0) 1

98.0 (91.5–103.5)

99.0 (92.0–105.0)

0.647 2

  % glucose >100 mg/dL

142 (40.7%)

40 (30.7%)

48 (40.9%)

54 (43.0%)

0.062 3

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

137.7 (104.1–191.1)

139.1 (95.1–197.4) 1

139.0 (104.0–203.1)

134.2 (109.7–187.8)

0.729 2

  % Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL

145 (41.5%)

48 (41.4%)

49 (41.9%)

48 (41.4%)

0.996 3

 HDL-C (mg/dL)

53.0 (44.0–63.0)

51.0 (41.0–62.8) 1

53.0 (45.0–65.0)

53.5 (45.0–64.0)

0.407 2

  % HDL-C <50 mg/dL F, <40 mg/dL M

112 (32.1%)

44 (37.9%)

34 (29.1%)

34 (29.3%)

0.160 3

 SBP (mmHg)

124.0 (116.0–136.0)

124.0 (116.0–133.8) 1

125.0 (116.0–135.5)

123.0 (115.3–136.8)

0.910 2

 DBP (mmHg)

79.0 (72.5–86.0)

78.0 (73.0–85.0) 1

80.0 (75.0–86.0)

80.0 (71.3–87.0)

0.503 2

  % SBP ≥ 130 and DBP ≥ 85 mmHg

77 (22.1%)

21 (18.1%)

27 (23.1%)

29 (25.0%)

0.206 3

 Waist circumference (cm)

79.0 (72.0–86.0)

78.5 (72.6–85.0) 1

77.0 (71.9–86.0)

81.0 (73.0–88.0)

0.207 2

  %WC >80 cm F, >90 cm M

124 (35.5%)

39 (33.6%)

35 (29.9%)

50 (43.1%)

0.132 3

 BMI (kg/m2)

23.7 (21.2–26.8)

23.5 (21.3–26.4) 1

23.1 (20.9–26.8)

24.6 (21.3–27.3)

0.308 2

  % BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2

130 (37.2%)

36 (31.0%)

41 (35.0%)

53 (45.7%)

0.021 3

Metabolic syndrome (ATP III criteria)

83 (23.8%)

20 (17.2%)

27 (23.1%)

36 (31.0%)

0.014 3

  1. 1 Continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range).
  2. 2P value comparing the characteristics of participants across tertiles of MSG intake using chi-square test for categorical variables and by Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.
  3. 3P values comparing prevalence of each metabolic feature across tertiles of MSG intake using the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for trend.
  4. HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, F female, M male, SBP systolic blood pressure DBP diastolic blood pressure, WC Waist circumference, BMI body mass index.