Characteristics | Total (n = 349) | MSG intake | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 (n = 116) | Tertile 2 (n = 117) | Tertile 3 (n = 116) | |||
Median MSG intake (g/day) | 3.6 (2.3–5.25) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 3.6 (3.2–4.2) | 6.0 (5.2–7.4) | |
Women | 217 (62.2%) | 72 (62.1%) | 72 (61.5%) | 73 (62.9%) | 0.976 2 |
Age (years) | 46.0 (40.0–50.0) | 44.0 (40.0–49.0) 1 | 46.0 (40.0–51.0) | 47.0 (42.0–50.0) | 0.044 2 |
Family history of diabetes | 102 (29.2%) | 36 (31.0%) | 31 (26.5%) | 35 (30.2%) | 0.721 2 |
Smoking status | |||||
Never smoked | 256 (73.3%) | 84 (72.4%) | 83 (71.0%) | 89 (76.7%) | 0.264 2 |
Former | 10 (2.9%) | 3 (2.6%) | 4 (3.4%) | 3 (2.6%) | |
Current | 83 (23.8%) | 29 (25.0%) | 30 (25.6%) | 24 (20.7%) | |
Physical activity/lifestyle | |||||
Sedentary | 48 (13.7%) | 14 (12.1%) | 17 (14.5%) | 17 (14.7%) | 0.721 2 |
Moderately active | 70 (20.1%) | 27 (23.3%) | 19 (16.3%) | 24 (20.7%) | |
Vigorously active | 231 (66.2%) | 75 (64.6%) | 81 (69.2%) | 75 (64.6%) | |
Daily nutrient intake | |||||
Energy intake (Kcal) | 2,032 (1,747–2,397) | 2,051 (1,758–2,381) 1 | 2,029 (1,687–2,380) | 2,017 (1,765–2,413) | 0.905 2 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 333.8 (275.8–412.3) | 342.2 (280.9–413.8) 1 | 328.1 (260.2–422.7) | 341.2 (280.8–407.2) | 0.569 2 |
Fat (g) | 33.1 (25.9–43.4) | 34.1 (26.1–42.1) 1 | 32.8 (26.3–44.2) | 31.7 (24.5–43.7) | 0.739 2 |
Total protein (g) | 81.1 (68.8–96.9) | 82.5 (70.7–97.6) 1 | 81.1 (67.6–93.0) | 70.4 (67.5–95.3) | 0.437 2 |
Metabolic parameters | |||||
HOMA-IR | 2.3 (1.7–3.3) | 2.1 (1.6–2.8) 1 | 2.3 (1.6–3.3) | 2.4 (1.9–3.5) | 0.028 2 |
% HOMA-IR >3 | 96 (27.5%) | 24 (20.7%) | 33 (28.2%) | 39 (33.6%) | 0.028 3 |
Insulin (ng/dL) | 9.1 (7.0–13.2) | 8.5 (6.6–12.0) 1 | 9.0 (6.8–13.0) | 9.9 (7.5–14.1) | 0.041 2 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 97.0 (92.0–104.0) | 97.0 (92.0–104.0) 1 | 98.0 (91.5–103.5) | 99.0 (92.0–105.0) | 0.647 2 |
% glucose >100 mg/dL | 142 (40.7%) | 40 (30.7%) | 48 (40.9%) | 54 (43.0%) | 0.062 3 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 137.7 (104.1–191.1) | 139.1 (95.1–197.4) 1 | 139.0 (104.0–203.1) | 134.2 (109.7–187.8) | 0.729 2 |
% Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL | 145 (41.5%) | 48 (41.4%) | 49 (41.9%) | 48 (41.4%) | 0.996 3 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 53.0 (44.0–63.0) | 51.0 (41.0–62.8) 1 | 53.0 (45.0–65.0) | 53.5 (45.0–64.0) | 0.407 2 |
% HDL-C <50 mg/dL F, <40 mg/dL M | 112 (32.1%) | 44 (37.9%) | 34 (29.1%) | 34 (29.3%) | 0.160 3 |
SBP (mmHg) | 124.0 (116.0–136.0) | 124.0 (116.0–133.8) 1 | 125.0 (116.0–135.5) | 123.0 (115.3–136.8) | 0.910 2 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.0 (72.5–86.0) | 78.0 (73.0–85.0) 1 | 80.0 (75.0–86.0) | 80.0 (71.3–87.0) | 0.503 2 |
% SBP ≥ 130 and DBP ≥ 85 mmHg | 77 (22.1%) | 21 (18.1%) | 27 (23.1%) | 29 (25.0%) | 0.206 3 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 79.0 (72.0–86.0) | 78.5 (72.6–85.0) 1 | 77.0 (71.9–86.0) | 81.0 (73.0–88.0) | 0.207 2 |
%WC >80 cm F, >90 cm M | 124 (35.5%) | 39 (33.6%) | 35 (29.9%) | 50 (43.1%) | 0.132 3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 (21.2–26.8) | 23.5 (21.3–26.4) 1 | 23.1 (20.9–26.8) | 24.6 (21.3–27.3) | 0.308 2 |
% BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 130 (37.2%) | 36 (31.0%) | 41 (35.0%) | 53 (45.7%) | 0.021 3 |
Metabolic syndrome (ATP III criteria) | 83 (23.8%) | 20 (17.2%) | 27 (23.1%) | 36 (31.0%) | 0.014 3 |