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Table 3 Zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E concentrations in the women that participated in the study related to their Body Mass Index (BMI) 1

From: Zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin C status are associated with leptin concentrations and obesity in Mexican women: results from a cross-sectional study

Micronutrient

Normal weight (BMI ≤ 25Kg/m2)

Overweight (BMI > 25Kg/m2)

Obesity(BMI > 30Kg/m2)

Overall

p 2

Plasma zinc, μg/dL

109

1.2 ± 0.6

200

1.2 ± 0.7

243

1.3 ± 0.8

552

1.2 ± 0.7

0.624

Plasma zinc < 70 μg/dL (%)

19

17.4

33

16.5

45

18.5

97

17.6

0.856

Plasma ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), μg/mL

105

5.4 ± 2.2

194

5.4 ± 2.2

214

5.1 ± 2.2

513

5.3 ± 2.2

0.205

Plasma ascorbic acid < 4 μg/mL (%)

31

29.6

55

28.4

79

36.9

168

32.4

0.146

Plasma ascorbic acid < 2 μg/mL (%)

3

2.9

11

5.7

12

5.6

26

5

0.256

Plasma retinol (Vitamin A), μg/dL

113

46.2 ± 10.9

210

50.2 ± 10.8

250

48.2 ± 12.0

573

48.5 ± 11.4

0.100

Plasma retinol < 20 μg/dL (%)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

*

Plasma retinol < 10 μg/dL (%)

0

0

0

0

1

0.4

1

0.2

*

Plasma a-tocopherol (Vitamin E), μg/mL

113

6.7 ± 1.9 a

210

7.7 ± 2.1 b

250

7.6 ± 2.2 b

573

7.5 ± 2.2

<0.001

Vitamin E:lipids (μmol/mmol)

113

3.0 ±0.9

247

2.9 ± 0.9

570

2.9 ± 0.9

570

2.9 ± 0.9

0.547

Vitamin E:lipids < 1.6 μmol/mmol (%)

2

1.8

11

5.2

15

6.1

28

4.9

0.207

  1. 1 Values are mean ± standard deviation (SD) or %. To convert concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E and zinc to international system (SI) units multiply by 56.78, 0.0349, 23.22 and 0.153, respectively (μmol/L).
  2. 2 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) or chi square significance.
  3. a b c Different letters represent statistical significant differences in Posthoc Least Squared Difference (LSD) (p < 0.05).
  4. * Chi square assumptions not met.