Figure 1

Major metabolic pathways and flux of dietary glucose and fructose. P = phosphate. For enzymes numbered in circles: 1 = hexokinase/glucokinase or Glucose-6-phosphatase, 2 = phosphoglucose isomerase, 3 = hexokinase, 4 = fructokinase, 5 = glycogen synthase or phosphorylase, 6 = phosphofructokinase, 7 = aldolase, 8 = triose phosphate isomerase, 9 = triose kinase, 10 = several enzymes including pyruvate kinase, 11 = pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,12 = lactate dehydrogenase,13 = ketothiolase and other 3 enzymes,14 = enzyme group related to citric acid cycle, 15 = acetyl CoA carboxylase,16 = multienzyme complexes, 17 = acyl CoA synthase, 18 = glycerol-phosphate acyl transferase and triacylglycerol synthase complex. The dashed-line and arrow represents minor pathways or will not occur under a healthy condition or ordinary sugar consumption. The compound names in bold would be major metabolic intermediates or end products of glucose or fructose metabolism.