Table 1 Oxidation of Dietary Fructose, Glucose, and Other Sugars in Tracer Studies ⁽¹⁾

9 M

No

6

0.9 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru^(L1)

42.9%

[70]⁽²⁾

9 F

No

6

0.9 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru

43%

8 M + 6 F

No

6

0.75 glu/kg bw

¹³C-glu^(L1)

24.5%

[48]

8 M + 6 F

No

6

0.75 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru^(L1)

30.5%

M + 3 F

No

6

0.5 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru^(L2)

56%

[49]⁽²⁾

3 M + 3 F

No

6

1.0 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru

59%

4 M + 4 F

No

3

0.9 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru^(L3)

38.5%

[52]⁽²⁾

7 obese F

No

3

0.9 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru

34.9%

8 type-2 (4 M)

No

3

0.9 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru

31.3%

10 M

yes

2

0.6 malt/min

¹³C-glu^(L4)

81.7% (0.49 g/min)

[82]

10 M

yes

2

0.3 fru + 0.6 malt/min

¹³C-fru^(L4)

62.0% (0.18 g/min)

10 M

yes

2

0.5 fru + 0.6 malt/min

¹³C-fru

54.0% (0.27 g/min)

10 M

yes

2

0.7 fru + 0.6 malt/min

¹³C-fru

52.0% (0.36 g/min)

6 M

Yes

2

100 galactose

¹³C-galactose^(L1)

23.7%

[60]

6 M

Yes

2

100 fru

¹³C-fru^(L1)

38.8%

6 M

Yes

2

100 glu

¹³C-glu^(L1)

40.5%

6 M

yes

2

100 fru

¹³C-fru(L1)

43.8%

[47]

6 M

yes

2

100 glu

¹³C-glu^(L1)

48.1%

6 M

yes

2

100 fru + 120 sucr

¹³C-fru

42.0% (42 g)

6 M

yes

2

100 glu + 120 sucr

¹³C-glu

50.2% (50.2 g)

18 M

yes

2

1.33 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru^(L1)

36.7% (35.7 g)

[62]

18 M

yes

2

1.33 glu/kg bw

¹³C-glu^(L1)

57.2% (56.1 g)

6 M

yes

2

100 fru

¹³C-fru^(L1)

45.8%

[61]^(2,3)

6 M

yes

2

100 glu

¹³C-glu^(L1)

58.3%

6 M

yes

2

50 fru + 50 glu

¹³C-fru + ¹³C-glu

73.6%

6 M

yes

3

150 fru

¹³C-fru^(L2)

38.0%

[50]

6 M

yes

3

150 glu

¹³C-glu^(L2)

54.0%

5 M

yes

2

1.33 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru^(L4)

51.0% (49 g)

[65]

5 M

yes

2

1.33 glu/kg bw

13C-glu^(L4)

60.4% (58 g)

5 M³

yes

2

1.33 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru

37.5% (36 g)

5 M³

yes

2

1.33 glu/kg bw

13C-glu

58.3% (56 g)

6 M

yes

2

1.33 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru^(L4)

54.0% (53 g)

[64]⁽³⁾

6 M

yes

2

1.33 glu/kg bw

13C-glu^(L4)

72.0% (70 g)

6 M

yes

2

100 fru

¹³C-fru(L4)

54%

[55]

6 M

yes

2

100 glu

13C-glu^(L4)

67%

7 M

yes

3

140 fru

¹³C-fru^(L4)

56%

[63]⁽³⁾

7 M

yes

3

140 glu

13C-glu^(L4)

75%

10 M

yes

2

1.0 fru/kg bw

¹³C-fru^(L2)

43.0% (30 g)

[56]

10 M

yes

2

1.0 glu/kg bw

¹³C-glu^(L2)

37.1% (26 g)

8 M

yes

2

0.5 fru + 1.0 glu/min

¹³C-fru + ¹³C-glu^(L2)

72.7% (1.09 g/min)

[68]^(3,4)

8 M

yes

2

1.5 glu/min

¹³C-glu

50.7% (0.76 g/min)

8 M

yes

2

1.2 sucr/min

¹³C-sucr^(L1)

78.3% (0.94 g/min)

[67]⁽⁴⁾

8 M

yes

2

1.2 glu/min

¹⁴C-glu^(L1)

58.3% (0.70 g/min)

8 M

yes

2

0.6 sucr + 0.6 glu/min

¹³C-sucr + ¹⁴C-glu

70.8% (0.85 g/min)

9 M

yes

2.5

1.8 glu/min

¹³C-glu^(L2)

53.3% (0.96 g/min)

[69]⁽⁴⁾

9 M

yes

2.5

0.6 sucr + 1.2 glu/min

¹³C-sucr + ¹³C-glu^(L2)

62.2% (1.12 g/min)

9 M

yes

2.5

0.6 malt + 1.2 glu/min

¹³C-malt + ¹³C-glu^(L2)

52.2% (0.94 g/min)

8 M

yes

2

1.8 glu /min

¹⁴C-glu^(L1)

38.7% (0.75 g/min)

[66]⁽⁴⁾

8 M

yes

2

0.6 fru + 1.2 glu/min

¹³C-fru + ¹⁴C-glu^(L1)

64.4% (1.16 g/min)