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Table 2 Putative effects of high glycemic load diets and salient CHD pathogenetic pathways

From: How do high glycemic load diets influence coronary heart disease?

Lifestyle

Pathways, and pathway numbers corresponding to those in Figure 2

Refs.

High- GL diets

a. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-55-↑ hyperglycaemia

a. [13,57,103]

b. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-19-↓ adiponectin-38-↑ TNFα-56-12-↑ LDL-33-↑ oxLDL-51-↑ hypercholesterolaemia

b. [13,57,103]

c. 2-↑17-14-↑blood glucose-54-↑ PI3K:MAPK-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↑ hypertension-100-↑ROS-85-↑ inflammatory state

c. [13,57,95,105]

d. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑ PI3K:MAPK-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-88-50-↑ TNFα-41-↑ inflammatory state

d. [101]

e. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑ PI3K:MAPK-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↑ SMC proliferation

e. [62]

f. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑ PI3K:MAPK-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↓ IGF1-84-↑ SMC proliferation

f. [121-123]

g. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑ PI3K:MAPK-69-↑ insulin resistance-70-↑ angiotensin II-89-↑ VCAM1/MCP1-73-↑ hypercoagulability

g. [60]

h. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑ PI3K:MAPK-69-↑ insulin resistance-72-↑ platelet factors-73-↑ hypercoagulability

h. [40,48]

i. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-19-↓ adiponectin-38-↑ TNFα-41-↑ P. gingivalis-43-↑ periodontitis-64-↑ platelet factors-73-↑ hypercoagulability

i. [27,40,48,66]

j. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-19-↓ adiponectin-39-↑ insulin resistance

j. [101]

k. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-19-↓ adiponectin-39-↑ SMC proliferation

k. [94]

l. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑ PI3K:MAPK-69-↑ insulin resistance-72-↑ hyperglycaemia

l. [88,89]

m. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-55-↑ SMC proliferation

m. [103]

n. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-53-↑ NO depletion-57-↑ SMC proliferation

n. [28,89,105,111]

o. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-53-↑ NO depletion-57-↓ vasodilation

o. [28,97,103,105]

p. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-60-↑insulin resistance-72-↓ vasodilation

p. [101,103]

q. 2-↑17-14-↑ blood glucose-54-↑angiotensin II-89-↑hypertension-100-↑ROS-85-↑inflammatory state

q. [28,93,103]

r. 2-↑15-34-12-↑ LDL-33-↑ oxLDL-51- ↑ hypercholesterolaemia

r. [14]

s. 2-↑15-34-13-↑ TMAO/NLRP3-52-macrophage-78-foam cell-↑ SMC proliferation

s. [15-17]

t. 2-↑15-34-13-↑ TMAO/NLRP3-52-macrophage-51-↑ hypercholesterolaemia

t. [15-17]

u. 2-↑15-34-13-↑ TMAO/NLRP3-52-macrophage-77-↑ inflammatory state

u. [15-17]

  1. ↑denotes upregulation/increase, ↓denotes downregulation/decrease, x-y-z indicates pathway connecting x to y to z. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; oxLDL, oxidised LDL; FFA, free fatty acids; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor-α; IL6, interleukin-6; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; SMC, smooth muscle cell; P. gingivalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase; PI3K:MAPK, ratio of PI3K to MAPK; IGF 1, insulin-like growth factor-1; VCAM 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; MCP 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.
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Nutrition & Metabolism

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