Table 3 Salient serological and functional biomarkers of CHD, and prospective ones
From: How do high glycemic load diets influence coronary heart disease?
Biomarker (class and salient examples) | Prediction of CHD relative risk (95% CI) | Size of studies (N = number of trials, n = number of patients) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
Lipid-related markers: | |||
Triglycerides | 0.99 (0.94-1.05) | (N = 68, n = 302 430) | [146] |
LDL | 1.25 (1.18-1.33) | (N = 15, n = 233 455) | [147] |
HDL | 0.78 (0.74-0.82) | (N = 68, n = 302 430) | [146] |
ApoB | 1.43 (1.35-1.51) | (N = 15, n = 233 455) | [147] |
Leptin | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) | (n = 1 832) | [148] |
Inflammation markers: | |||
hsCRP | 1.20 (1.18-1.22) | (N = 38, n = 166 596) | [149] |
IL-6 | 1.25 (1.19-1.32) | (N = 25, n = 42 123) | [150] |
TNF-α | 1.17 (1.09-1.25) | (N = 7, n = 6 107) | [150] |
GDF-15 | 1.40 (1.10-1.80) | (n = 1 740) | [151] |
OPG | 1.41 (1.33-1.57) | (n = 5 863) | [152] |
Marker of oxidative stress: | |||
MPO | 1.17 (1.06-1.30) | (n = 2 861) | [153] |
Marker of vascular function and neurohormonal activity: | |||
BNP | 1.42 (1.24-1.63) | (N = 40, n = 87 474) | [154] |
Homocysteine | 1.15 (1.09-1.22) | (N = 20, n = 22 652) | |
Coagulation marker: | |||
Fibrinogen | 1.15 (1.13-1.17) | (N = 40, n = 185 892) | [149] |
Necrosis marker: | |||
Troponins | 1.15 (1.04-1.27) | (n = 3 265) | [157] |
Renal function marker: | |||
Urinary ACR | 1.57 (1.26-1.95) | (n = 626) | [158] |
Metabolic markers: | |||
HbA1c | 1.42 (1.16-1.74) | (N = 2, n = 2 442) | [159] |
IGF-1 | 0.76 (0.56-1.04) | (n = 3 967) | [160] |
Adiponectin | 0.97 (0.86-1.09) | (N = 14, n =21 272) | [161] |
Cortisol | 1.10 (0.97-1.25) | (n = 2 512) | |
BDNF | ? | N/A | |
Insulin resistance (HOMA) | 1.46 (1.26-1.69) | (N = 17, n = 51 161) | [164] |