Red peppers with moderate and severe pungency prevent the memory deficit and hepatic insulin resistance in diabetic rats with Alzheimer’s disease

Table 1 Body weight visceral fat contents and overnight-fasted serum glucose and insulin levels at the end of experimental periods

	AD-CON (n = 20)	AD-LSP (n = 20)	AD-MSP (n = 20)	AD-SSP (n = 20)	Non-AD-CON (n = 20)
Body weight (g)	320 ± 33^b	317 ± 29^b	333 ± 34^ab	322 ± 30^b	348 ± 31^a
Epididymal fat pads/body weight (g/kg bw)	9.0 ± 1.2^a	7.1 ± 0.9^b	7.4 ± 1.0^b	7.2 ± 0.9^b	7.5 ± 1.0^b
Retroperitoneal fat/body weight (g/kg bw)	15.5 ± 2.0^a	12.4 ± 1.9^b	13.2 ± 1.9^b	12.5 ± 1.8^b	12.9 ± 1.8^b
Energy intake (kcal/day)	105 ± 17	114 ± 15	119 ± 21	118 ± 19	113 ± 14
Total active time (m/h)	4.4 ± 0.7^b	5.2 ± 0.8^ab	5.7 ± 0.8^a	5.4 ± 0.6^a	5.5 ± 0.6^a
Energy expenditure (kcal/kg^0.75/day)	119 ± 15^b	126 ± 15^ab	129 ± 16^ab	133 ± 16^a	111 ± 14^b
Respiratory quotient	0.86 ± 0.11	0.84 ± 0.10	0.81 ± 0.10	0.80 ± 0.09	0.83 ± 0.10
VO₂ (mL/kg^0.75/min)	17.0 ± 2.1^b	17.9 ± 2.2^ab	18.4 ± 2.2^ab	19.0 ± 2.1^a	15.9 ± 2.0^b
Carbohydrate oxidation (mg/kg^0.75/min)	6.6 ± 0.9^a	6.1 ± 0.7^ab	4.8 ± 0.6^b	5.0 ± 0.6^b	4.8 ± 0.6^b
Fat oxidation (mg/kg^0.75/min)	6.1 ± 0.8^c	7.3 ± 0.9^b	8.9 ± 1.1^a	9.2 ± 1.1^a	7.1 ± 0.9^b

Values are mean ± SD. The β-amyloid (25–35) infused diabetic rats fed high fat diets with 1% dextrin (AD-CON), 1% less pungent red pepper (AD-LSP), moderately pungent red pepper (AD-MSP) or severely pungent red pepper (AD-SSP) for 28 days. The β-amyloid (35–25) infused rats fed high fat diets with 1% dextrin (Non-AD-CON).
^abcDifferent superscript alphabets on the same row indicate significant differences at P < 0.05.