Red peppers with moderate and severe pungency prevent the memory deficit and hepatic insulin resistance in diabetic rats with Alzheimer’s disease

Table 2 Glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion during hyperglycemic clamp

	AD-CON (n = 20)	AD-LSP (n = 20)	AD-MSP (n = 20)	AD-SSP (n = 20)	Non-AD-CON (n = 20)
Serum glucose at basal state (mM)	7.1 ± 0.8	6.9 ± 0.7	7.1 ± 0.7	7.0 ± 1.0	7.0 ± 0.6
Serum insulin (ng/mL)	1.37 ± 0.17^a	1.13 ± 0.15^b	1.07 ± 0.16^b	1.05 ± 0.14^b	1.09 ± 0.15^b
HOMA-IR	12.6 ± 2.5^a	9.4 ± 2.1^b	9.1 ± 1.9^b	8.8 ± 1.9^b	9.2 ± 2.1^b
First phase of insulin (0–10 min; ng/mL)	2.25 ± 0.35	2.18 ± 0.32	2.26 ± 0.33	2.44 ± 0.34	2.51 ± 0.37
Second phase of insulin (60–120 min; ng/mL)	2.66 ± 0.38^a	2.42 ± 0.40^ab	2.34 ± 0.34^b	2.36 ± 0.32^b	2.32 ± 0.34^b
AUC of first phase of insulin (0–10 min; ng/mL*min)	26.3 ± 3.8	25.8 ± 3.5	26.7 ± 3.6	29.1 ± 3.6	30.0 ± 4.2
AUC of second phase of insulin (30–120 min; ng/mL*min)	246 ± 33^a	225 ± 31^ab	215 ± 29^b	217 ± 27^b	212 ± 28^b
Glucose infusion rate (mg/kg bw/min)	8.6 ± 1.5^c	11.6 ± 1.8^b	12.8 ± 2.0^ab	13.2 ± 2.1^a	13.4 ± 1.9^a
Insulin sensitivity at hyperglycemic state (μmol glucose · min⁻¹ · 100 g⁻¹ per μmol insulin/L)	3.2 ± 0.6^c	4.8 ± 0.7^b	5.5 ± 0.8^a	5.6 ± 0.8^a	5.8 ± 0.8^a

Values are Means ± SD. Values are mean ± SD. The β-amyloid (25–35) infused diabetic rats fed high fat diets with 1% dextrin (AD-CON), 1% less pungent red pepper (AD-LSP), moderately pungent red pepper (AD-MSP) or severely pungent red pepper (AD-SSP) for 28 days. The β-amyloid (35–25) infused rats fed high fat diets with 1% dextrin (Non-AD-CON). HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance. First phase of serum insulin was defined as the average of serum insulin levels at 2 and 5 mins, with second phase at 60, 90 and 120 mins. Insulin sensitivity at hyperglycemic state was calculated as the ratio of glucose infusion rate to steady-state plasma insulin levels.
^abcDifferent superscript alphabets on the same row indicate significant differences at P < 0.05.