Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Male, %

48.7

45.2

45.6

Age, years

54.0 (42.0–66.0)

50.0 (40.0–60.0)

50.0 (40.0–60.0)

Smoking, %

  Non smoker

41.6

42.5

42.5

  Ex smoker

32.3

36.2

32.2

  Occasional smoker

3.5

3.4

3.2

  Regular smoker

22.6

17.9

22.1

Physical activity,

  Any physical activity

40.1

-

-

  At least 60 min per week during summer and winter

-

51.4

-

  Regular exercise or heavy gardening at least 3 times a week or athletic training

-

-

21.4

Risky alcohol consumption, %^a

8.7

7.0

22.2

Alcohol, g/day

3.9 (1.0–11.8)

4.2 (1.3–10.5)

10.3 (3.4–22.3)

eGFR, ml/min

97.6 (77.6–121.6)

106.1 (86.7–128.8)

97.7 (81.8–116.6)

25OHD, ng/ml

17.5 (12.5–24.5)

24.9 (17.7–32.7)

16.7 (11.8–22.3)

  25OHD <20 ng/ml, %

59.8

33.0

66.0

PTH, pg/ml

34.1 (25.7–44.4)

31.2 (23.8–39.4)

39.0 (30.5–36.1)

VAT (MRI), l

-

3.1 (1.6–5.1)

-

VAT (ultrasound), cm

-

-

5.9 (4.6–7.8)

SAT (MRI), l

-

6.9 (5.2–9.4)

-

SAT (ultrasound), cm

-

-

2.8 (2.1–3.7)

Bodyfat, %

-

28.0 (22.8–33.9)

29.1 (22.9–36.1)

BMI, kg/m²

27.4 (24.4–30.8)

26.6 (23.8–29.5)

25.2 (22.2–28.1)

  BMI <25 kg/m²

29.3

35.1

48.2

  BMI 25–29 kg/m²

40.8

43.0

36.7

  BMI 30–39 kg/m²

28.1

21.4

14.1

  BMI ≥40 kg/m²

1.9

0.5

1.0

Waist circumference, cm

92.2 (82.5–102.0)

86.5 (77.6–96.0)

88.0 (78.0–97.0)

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.86 (0.81–0.93)

0.86 (0.80–0.93)

0.87 (0.80–0.94)

Waist-to-height ratio

0.55 (0.49–0.60)

0.51 (0.46–0.56)

0.51 (0.46–0.56)

Body surface area, m²

1.89 (1.74–2.04)

1.89 (1.74–2.03)

1.89 (1.73–2.04)