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Table 1 Metabolic characteristics of the five groups at the end of the study

From: Moderate calorie restriction to achieve normal weight reverses β-cell dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice: involvement of autophagy

Parameter

NC AL

NC CR

HF AL

HF → NC

HF → NC CR

Body weight (BW, g)

26.35 ± 0.38

21.12 ± 0.33 *

41.23 ± 1.16 *

30.49 ± 0.70 *,**

26.83 ± 0.67 **

Abdominal circumference (cm)

7.4 ± 0.2

6.6 ± 0.1 *

9.0 ± 0.2 *

7.6 ± 0.1 **

6.9 ± 0.1 *,**

Lee index

323.18 ± 2.89

313.09 ± 3.67 *

332.83 ± 2.43 *

321.82 ± 2.75 **

320.38 ± 3.00 **

Epididymal fat weight (%BW)

1.41 ± 0.11

0.20 ± 0.06 *

4.94 ± 0.19 *

2.37 ± 0.25 *,**

1.26 ± 0.32 **

Liver weight (mg)

1115.0 ± 20.0

828.0 ± 47.3 *

1263.1 ± 74.1 *

1052.2 ± 45.4 **

882.0 ± 35.2 *,**

Pancreas weight (mg)

184.0 ± 20.0

186.3 ± 9.7

295.0 ± 14.9 *

211.1 ± 13.8 **

194.4 ± 11.1 **

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

4.9 ± 1.2

3.6 ± 1.8

7.9 ± 2.2 *

5.8 ± 0.7 **

5.7 ± 1.5 **

Fasting plasma insulin (ng/mL)

0.18 ± 0.05

0.13 ± 0.08

0.74 ± 0.14 *

0.29 ± 0.07 *,**

0.20 ± 0.07 **

AUCglc0–120 (mmol/L × min)

880.1 ± 119.4

423.6 ± 109.1 *

1768.3 ± 166.8 *

1077.2 ± 136.5 **

569.9 ± 100.0 **

AUCins0–120 (ng/mL × min)

22.66 ± 1.92

18.96 ± 4.22

34.86 ± 2.34 *

25.74 ± 3.86 **

24.54 ± 2.70 **

Insulinogenic index

0.56 ± 0.07

0.96 ± 0.21

0.32 ± 0.22

0.59 ± 0.09

0.93 ± 0.22 **

HOMA-IR

0.87 ± 0.12

0.58 ± 0.17

5.97 ± 1.00 *

1.54 ± 0.11 **

1.17 ± 0.25 **

Plasma triglycerides (mg/dl)

30.28 ± 2.16

19.63 ± 2.40 *

43.86 ± 3.88 *

38.13 ± 2.97 *

16.47 ± 1.19 *,**

Plasma total cholesterol (mg/dl)

70.60 ± 3.59

58.97 ± 3.85

152.17 ± 6.65 *

83.72 ± 4.60 *,**

65.34 ± 3.30 **

Plasma NEFA (mmol/L)

0.79 ± 0.06

0.63 ± 0.05

1.30 ± 0.06 *

1.03 ± 0.10 *,**

0.67 ± 0.06 **

Plasma adiponectin (μg/ml)

18.94 ± 1.18

18.71 ± 3.17

11.82 ± 1.64 *

12.80 ± 1.85 *

17.71 ± 1.49 **

  1. Data are presented as mean ± SE, n = 8 ~ 16. * indicates P < 0.05 versus NC AL group; ** indicates P < 0.05 versus HF AL group
  2. Abbreviations: NC normal chow, HF high-fat diet, AL ad libitum, CR calorie restriction, NEFA non-esterified fatty acid