Ghrelin, adipokines, metabolic factors in relation with weight status in school-children and results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention program

Table 4 Clinical and biological parameters in 83 children at baseline and after 1 year of a lifestyle intervention program

Parameters	Normal-weight (n = 28)			Overweight (n = 28)			Obese (n = 27)
Parameters	Baseline	T1-year	P	Baseline	T1-year	P	Baseline	T1-year	P
BMI z-score	−0.10 ± 1.03	−0.16 ± 0.85	0.446	1.47 ± 0.24	1.33 ± 0.44	*0.021*	2.18 ± 0.27	2.08 ± 0.40	*0.008*
FBG (mmol/L)	4.67 ± 0.38	4.63 ± 0.34	0.690	4.82 ± 0.42	4.69 ± 0.42	*0.047*	4.95 ± 0.40	4.69 ± 0.35	*0.002*
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.59 ± 0.36	1.45 ± 0.31	*<0.001*	1.21 ± 0.28	1.18 ± 0.21	0.425	1.19 ± 0.29	1.14 ± 0.28	0.248
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.61 ± 0.75	2.37 ± 0.66	*0.018*	2.68 ± 0.59	2.48 ± 0.48	*0.015*	2.46 ± 0.59	2.43 ± 0.47	0.410
TG (mmol/L)	0.55 ± 0.26	0.56 ± 0.24	0.945	0.78 ± 0.40	0.73 ± 0.39	0.682	0.86 ± 0.32	0.80 ± 0.36	0.254
Insulin (μU/mL)	13.4 ± 3.6	11.8 ± 6.1	*0.048*	19.9 ± 12.5	15.8 ± 7.0	*0.019*	28.4 ± 13.7	26.2 ± 17.7	*0.019*
HOMA-IR index	2.80 ± 0.86	2.48 ± 1.37	0.065	4.18 ± 3.04	3.31 ± 1.56	0.079	6.32 ± 3.19	5.53 ± 3.95	*0.011*
Leptin (ng/mL)	6.0 ± 5.19	6.78 ± 1.9	0.234	25.0 ± 13.0	25.5 ± 18.1	0.857	37.7 ± 22.5	33.4 ± 24.2	*0.008*
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	6.43 ± 2.51	7.98 ± 3.56	*0.001*	5.17 ± 2.39	6.71 ± 2.77	*0.002*	3.96 ± 1.84	5.0 ± 2.41	*<0.001*

FBG fasting blood glucose, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance
All p-values are in italic and significant p-value are in bolditalic