Characteristics | Total | Men | Women | P-valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 1105 | 257 | 848 | Â |
Age, y | 43.82 ± 12.15 | 45.44 ± 12.18 | 43.33 ± 12.11 | 0.015 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.67 ± 3.37 | 26.18 ± 3.39 | 22.90 ± 2.97 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 82.79 ± 9.08 | 90.42 ± 8.57 | 80.48 ± 7.90 | <0.001 |
Waist-to- hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.04 | <0.001 |
Fat mass, kg | 20.13 ± 6.06 | 21.45 ± 6.91 | 19.73 ± 5.72 | <0.001 |
Free fat mass, kg | 44.66 ± 8.96 | 58.41 ± 6.56 | 40.50 ± 4.11 | <0.001 |
Percentage body fat, % | 30.89 ± 6.06 | 26.35 ± 5.57 | 32.27 ± 5.51 | <0.001 |
Visceral fat area, cm2 | 87.30 ± 35.44 | 116.13 ± 34.87 | 78.56 ± 30.68 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 113.79 ± 15.72 | 120.54 ± 12.72 | 111.07 ± 16.01 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75.52 ± 10.06 | 80.30 ± 9.34 | 73.59 ± 9.70 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.98 ± 0.98 | 5.03 ± 0.95 | 4.97 ± 1.00 | bNS |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.03(0.73–1.51) | 1.41(0.99–2.00) | 0.95(0.69–1.36) | <0.001 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.33 ± 0.28 | 1.16 ± 0.21 | 1.38 ± 0.28 | <0.001 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.96 ± 0.80 | 3.10 ± 0.76 | 2.92 ± 0.82 | 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.73 ± 1.03 | 5.96 ± 1.28 | 5.66 ± 0.92 | <0.001 |
25(OH)D3, μg/L | 36.46 ± 24.70 | 33.26 ± 19.80 | 37.44 ± 25.94 | 0.018 |
Smoking, % yes | 11.86 | 42.80 | 2.48 | <0.001 |
Drinking, % yes | 38.82 | 70.04 | 29.36 | <0.001 |
Doing exercise, % yes | 46.06 | 64.98 | 40.33 | <0.001 |
Sunshine time, h/day | 0.5(0.0,1.0) | 1.0(0.0,2.0) | 0.5(0.0,1.0) | <0.001 |
Vitamin D supplement users, % yes | 2.26 | 2.33 | 2.24 | bNS |
Obesity, % | 13.76 | 29.18 | 9.08 | <0.001 |
Visceral fat obesity, % | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Men: WC ≥90 cm; women: WC ≥ 80 cm | 44.71 | 50.58 | 42.92 | 0.031 |
 Men: VFA ≥130 cm2; women: VFA ≥ 100 cm2 | 23.53 | 35.40 | 19.92 | <0.001 |
25(OH)D3 status* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Vitamin D insufficiency, % | 26.60 | 18.68 | 29.00 | 0.001 |
 Vitamin D deficiency, % | 24.89 | 33.46 | 22.29 | <0.001 |