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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study population

From: Higher visceral fat area increases the risk of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in Chinese adults

Characteristics

Total

Men

Women

P-valuea

n

1105

257

848

 

Age, y

43.82 ± 12.15

45.44 ± 12.18

43.33 ± 12.11

0.015

Body mass index, kg/m2

23.67 ± 3.37

26.18 ± 3.39

22.90 ± 2.97

<0.001

Waist circumference, cm

82.79 ± 9.08

90.42 ± 8.57

80.48 ± 7.90

<0.001

Waist-to- hip ratio

0.87 ± 0.05

0.91 ± 0.04

0.84 ± 0.04

<0.001

Fat mass, kg

20.13 ± 6.06

21.45 ± 6.91

19.73 ± 5.72

<0.001

Free fat mass, kg

44.66 ± 8.96

58.41 ± 6.56

40.50 ± 4.11

<0.001

Percentage body fat, %

30.89 ± 6.06

26.35 ± 5.57

32.27 ± 5.51

<0.001

Visceral fat area, cm2

87.30 ± 35.44

116.13 ± 34.87

78.56 ± 30.68

<0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

113.79 ± 15.72

120.54 ± 12.72

111.07 ± 16.01

<0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

75.52 ± 10.06

80.30 ± 9.34

73.59 ± 9.70

<0.001

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.98 ± 0.98

5.03 ± 0.95

4.97 ± 1.00

bNS

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.03(0.73–1.51)

1.41(0.99–2.00)

0.95(0.69–1.36)

<0.001

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L

1.33 ± 0.28

1.16 ± 0.21

1.38 ± 0.28

<0.001

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L

2.96 ± 0.80

3.10 ± 0.76

2.92 ± 0.82

0.001

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L

5.73 ± 1.03

5.96 ± 1.28

5.66 ± 0.92

<0.001

25(OH)D3, μg/L

36.46 ± 24.70

33.26 ± 19.80

37.44 ± 25.94

0.018

Smoking, % yes

11.86

42.80

2.48

<0.001

Drinking, % yes

38.82

70.04

29.36

<0.001

Doing exercise, % yes

46.06

64.98

40.33

<0.001

Sunshine time, h/day

0.5(0.0,1.0)

1.0(0.0,2.0)

0.5(0.0,1.0)

<0.001

Vitamin D supplement users, % yes

2.26

2.33

2.24

bNS

Obesity, %

13.76

29.18

9.08

<0.001

Visceral fat obesity, %

    

 Men: WC ≥90 cm; women: WC ≥ 80 cm

44.71

50.58

42.92

0.031

 Men: VFA ≥130 cm2; women: VFA ≥ 100 cm2

23.53

35.40

19.92

<0.001

25(OH)D3 status*

    

 Vitamin D insufficiency, %

26.60

18.68

29.00

0.001

 Vitamin D deficiency, %

24.89

33.46

22.29

<0.001

  1. Values are percentages for categorical variables, means ± SDs for continuous variables with a normal distribution, or medians (95 % ranges) for continuous variables with a skewed distribution
  2. Abbreviations: WC, waist circumference; VFA, visceral fat area; 25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D
  3. aComparison among men and women
  4. bNS = no significant at p value > .05
  5. *25(OH)D3 status was defined as follows: A serum level of 25(OH) D3 < 20 μg/L is considered to be vitamin D deficiency, whereas a level 20–29 μg/L is insufficient