n
|
1105
|
257
|
848
| |
Age, y
|
43.82 ± 12.15
|
45.44 ± 12.18
|
43.33 ± 12.11
|
0.015
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
23.67 ± 3.37
|
26.18 ± 3.39
|
22.90 ± 2.97
|
<0.001
|
Waist circumference, cm
|
82.79 ± 9.08
|
90.42 ± 8.57
|
80.48 ± 7.90
|
<0.001
|
Waist-to- hip ratio
|
0.87 ± 0.05
|
0.91 ± 0.04
|
0.84 ± 0.04
|
<0.001
|
Fat mass, kg
|
20.13 ± 6.06
|
21.45 ± 6.91
|
19.73 ± 5.72
|
<0.001
|
Free fat mass, kg
|
44.66 ± 8.96
|
58.41 ± 6.56
|
40.50 ± 4.11
|
<0.001
|
Percentage body fat, %
|
30.89 ± 6.06
|
26.35 ± 5.57
|
32.27 ± 5.51
|
<0.001
|
Visceral fat area, cm2
|
87.30 ± 35.44
|
116.13 ± 34.87
|
78.56 ± 30.68
|
<0.001
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
113.79 ± 15.72
|
120.54 ± 12.72
|
111.07 ± 16.01
|
<0.001
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
75.52 ± 10.06
|
80.30 ± 9.34
|
73.59 ± 9.70
|
<0.001
|
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
|
4.98 ± 0.98
|
5.03 ± 0.95
|
4.97 ± 1.00
|
bNS
|
Triglycerides, mmol/L
|
1.03(0.73–1.51)
|
1.41(0.99–2.00)
|
0.95(0.69–1.36)
|
<0.001
|
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L
|
1.33 ± 0.28
|
1.16 ± 0.21
|
1.38 ± 0.28
|
<0.001
|
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L
|
2.96 ± 0.80
|
3.10 ± 0.76
|
2.92 ± 0.82
|
0.001
|
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L
|
5.73 ± 1.03
|
5.96 ± 1.28
|
5.66 ± 0.92
|
<0.001
|
25(OH)D3, μg/L
|
36.46 ± 24.70
|
33.26 ± 19.80
|
37.44 ± 25.94
|
0.018
|
Smoking, % yes
|
11.86
|
42.80
|
2.48
|
<0.001
|
Drinking, % yes
|
38.82
|
70.04
|
29.36
|
<0.001
|
Doing exercise, % yes
|
46.06
|
64.98
|
40.33
|
<0.001
|
Sunshine time, h/day
|
0.5(0.0,1.0)
|
1.0(0.0,2.0)
|
0.5(0.0,1.0)
|
<0.001
|
Vitamin D supplement users, % yes
|
2.26
|
2.33
|
2.24
|
bNS
|
Obesity, %
|
13.76
|
29.18
|
9.08
|
<0.001
|
Visceral fat obesity, %
| | | | |
Men: WC ≥90 cm; women: WC ≥ 80 cm
|
44.71
|
50.58
|
42.92
|
0.031
|
Men: VFA ≥130 cm2; women: VFA ≥ 100 cm2
|
23.53
|
35.40
|
19.92
|
<0.001
|
25(OH)D3 status*
| | | | |
Vitamin D insufficiency, %
|
26.60
|
18.68
|
29.00
|
0.001
|
Vitamin D deficiency, %
|
24.89
|
33.46
|
22.29
|
<0.001
|