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Table 3 Characteristics of the study population according to quartiles of visceral fat area levels in women
| Pre-menopausal women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartiles of visceral fat area (cm2) | P-valuea | ||||
| Q1 (<53.15) | Q2 (53.15–66.18) | Q3 (66.18–84.47) | Q4 (≥84.47) | ||
| n | 153 | 144 | 163 | 153 | |
| Age, y | 33.09 ± 6.30 | 36.54 ± 7.54# | 38.35 ± 6.91# & | 41.27 ± 7.41# & $ | 0.000 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 20.51 ± 1.33 | 21.54 ± 1.46# | 22.44 ± 1.77# & | 25.48 ± 3.46# & $ | 0.000 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 73.06 ± 3.74 | 76.67 ± 3.48# | 79.62 ± 3.92# & | 88.27 ± 7.90# & $ | 0.000 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.81 ± 0.02 | 0.84 ± 0.02# | 0.86 ± 0.02# & | 0.90 ± 0.04# & $ | 0.000 |
| Fat mass, kg | 14.39 ± 2.71 | 17.02 ± 2.90# | 18.99 ± 3.08# & | 24.93 ± 5.80# & $ | 0.000 |
| Free fat mass, kg | 39.65 ± 3.46 | 39.84 ± 3.69 | 40.16 ± 3.42 | 43.23 ± 4.85# & $ | 0.000 |
| Percentage body fat, % | 26.53 ± 3.69 | 29.85 ± 3.74# | 32.01 ± 3.58# & | 36.26 ± 4.46# & $ | 0.000 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 102.64 ± 12.01 | 102.31 ± 10.81 | 106.97 ± 112.46# | 110.85 ± 15.45# & | 0.000 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 69.03 ± 8.46 | 69.18 ± 7.37 | 72.13 ± 8.73 | 74.38 ± 10.18# & | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.42 ± 0.72 | 4.63 ± 0.77# | 4.73 ± 0.87# | 4.90 ± 0.87# & $ | 0.000 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.66(0.58–0.86) | 0.79(0.64–1.07)# | 0.94(0.69–1.25)# & | 1.16(0.80–1.55)# & $ | 0.000 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.46 ± 0.29 | 1.41 ± 0.30 | 1.32 ± 0.24# & | 1.26 ± 0.25# & | 0.000 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.41 ± 0.62 | 2.64 ± 0.63# | 2.81 ± 0.76# & | 3.02 ± 0.75# & $ | 0.000 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.29 ± 0.47 | 5.37 ± 0.45 | 5.55 ± 0.78# & | 5.77 ± 0.90# & $ | 0.000 |
| 25(OH)D3, μg/L | 43.25 ± 28.90 | 42.30 ± 28.02 | 38.39 ± 24.11 | 35.80 ± 27.38# & | 0.002 |
| Smoking, % yes | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.61 | 0.65 | bNS |
| Drinking, % yes | 22.22 | 25.00 | 24.54 | 29.41 | bNS |
| Doing exercise, % yes | 44.44 | 48.61 | 43.56 | 47.06 | bNS |
| Sunshine time, h/day | 1.00(0.50–0.10) | 1.00(0.00–1.00) | 1.00(0.50–0.10) | 1.00(0.50–0.10) | bNS |
| Vitamin D supplement users, % yes | 1.96 | 0.69 | 1.23 | 0.65 | bNS |
| Post-menopausal women | |||||
| Quartiles of visceral fat area (cm2) | P-valuea | ||||
| Q1(<71.55) | Q2(71.55–91.97) | Q3(91.97–115.73) | Q4(≥115.73) | ||
| n | 59 | 59 | 59 | 58 | |
| Age, y | 58.17 ± 7.74 | 59.25 ± 5.49 | 58.95 ± 5.60 | 59.38 ± 5.81 | bNS |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.43 ± 1.60 | 22.62 ± 1.22# | 24.18 ± 2.00# & | 27.64 ± 2.51# & $ | 0.000 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 75.57 ± 4.19 | 79.47 ± 2.73# | 84.24 ± 4.41# & | 93.64 ± 6.10# & $ | 0.000 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.01# | 0.89 ± 0.01# & | 0.93 ± 0.03# & $ | 0.000 |
| Fat mass, kg | 16.80 ± 2.85 | 19.42 ± 2.35# | 22.66 ± 3.51# & | 29.18 ± 4.87# & $ | 0.000 |
| Free fat mass, kg | 38.72 ± 3.89 | 38.79 ± 2.88 | 39.66 ± 3.24 | 42.51 ± 4.45# & $ | 0.000 |
| Percentage body fat, % | 30.18 ± 3.77 | 33.34 ± 3.03# | 36.25 ± 3.45# & | 40.55 ± 3.97# & $ | 0.000 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 115.14 ± 14.90 | 120.78 ± 18.67 | 122.36 ± 13.65 | 124.88 ± 15.37 | bNS |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75.97 ± 9.47 | 76.72 ± 8.67 | 77.22 ± 8.23 | 81.63 ± 10.04# & $ | 0.029 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.64 ± 0.93 | 5.84 ± 0.10 | 5.88 ± 1.17 | 5.58 ± 0.82 | bNS |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.10(0.67–1.40) | 1.21 (0.93–1.50)# | 1.40(1.07–1.94)# & | 158(1.16–1.89)# & | 0.000 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.55 ± 0.30 | 1.42 ± 0.23# | 1.33 ± 0.25# | 1.35 ± 0.26# | 0.000 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.31 ± 0.80 | 3.57 ± 0.73 | 3.54 ± 0.85 | 3.33 ± 0.81 | bNS |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.75 ± 1.34 | 6.06 ± 1.13 | 6.35 ± 1.51 | 6.10 ± 0.84 | bNS |
| 25(OH)D3, μg/L | 33.04 ± 22.62 | 33.63 ± 20.89 | 29.77 ± 20.90 | 27.78 ± 19.64 | bNS |
| Smoking, % yes | 3.39 | 6.78 | 8.47 | 10.34 | bNS |
| Drinking, % yes | 33.90 | 38.98 | 40.68 | 46.55 | bNS |
| Doing exercise, % yes | 32.20 | 30.51 | 22.03 | 18.97 | bNS |
| Sunshine time, h/day | 1.00(0.50–0.10) | 1.00(0.00–1.00) | 1.00(0.50–0.10) | 1.00(0.50–0.10) | bNS |
| Vitamin D supplement users, % yes | 3.39 | 5.08 | 6.78 | 5.17 | bNS |
