|
n
|
153
|
144
|
163
|
153
| |
|
Age, y
|
33.09 ± 6.30
|
36.54 ± 7.54#
|
38.35 ± 6.91#
&
|
41.27 ± 7.41#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
20.51 ± 1.33
|
21.54 ± 1.46#
|
22.44 ± 1.77#
&
|
25.48 ± 3.46#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Waist circumference, cm
|
73.06 ± 3.74
|
76.67 ± 3.48#
|
79.62 ± 3.92#
&
|
88.27 ± 7.90#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Waist-to-hip ratio
|
0.81 ± 0.02
|
0.84 ± 0.02#
|
0.86 ± 0.02#
&
|
0.90 ± 0.04#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Fat mass, kg
|
14.39 ± 2.71
|
17.02 ± 2.90#
|
18.99 ± 3.08#
&
|
24.93 ± 5.80#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Free fat mass, kg
|
39.65 ± 3.46
|
39.84 ± 3.69
|
40.16 ± 3.42
|
43.23 ± 4.85#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Percentage body fat, %
|
26.53 ± 3.69
|
29.85 ± 3.74#
|
32.01 ± 3.58#
&
|
36.26 ± 4.46#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
102.64 ± 12.01
|
102.31 ± 10.81
|
106.97 ± 112.46#
|
110.85 ± 15.45#
&
|
0.000
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
69.03 ± 8.46
|
69.18 ± 7.37
|
72.13 ± 8.73
|
74.38 ± 10.18#
&
|
0.001
|
|
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
|
4.42 ± 0.72
|
4.63 ± 0.77#
|
4.73 ± 0.87#
|
4.90 ± 0.87#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Triglycerides, mmol/L
|
0.66(0.58–0.86)
|
0.79(0.64–1.07)#
|
0.94(0.69–1.25)#
&
|
1.16(0.80–1.55)#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L
|
1.46 ± 0.29
|
1.41 ± 0.30
|
1.32 ± 0.24#
&
|
1.26 ± 0.25#
&
|
0.000
|
|
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L
|
2.41 ± 0.62
|
2.64 ± 0.63#
|
2.81 ± 0.76#
&
|
3.02 ± 0.75#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L
|
5.29 ± 0.47
|
5.37 ± 0.45
|
5.55 ± 0.78#
&
|
5.77 ± 0.90#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
25(OH)D3, μg/L
|
43.25 ± 28.90
|
42.30 ± 28.02
|
38.39 ± 24.11
|
35.80 ± 27.38#
&
|
0.002
|
|
Smoking, % yes
|
0.65
|
0.69
|
0.61
|
0.65
|
bNS
|
|
Drinking, % yes
|
22.22
|
25.00
|
24.54
|
29.41
|
bNS
|
|
Doing exercise, % yes
|
44.44
|
48.61
|
43.56
|
47.06
|
bNS
|
|
Sunshine time, h/day
|
1.00(0.50–0.10)
|
1.00(0.00–1.00)
|
1.00(0.50–0.10)
|
1.00(0.50–0.10)
|
bNS
|
|
Vitamin D supplement users, % yes
|
1.96
|
0.69
|
1.23
|
0.65
|
bNS
|
| |
Post-menopausal women
| |
| |
Quartiles of visceral fat area (cm2)
|
P-valuea
|
| |
Q1(<71.55)
|
Q2(71.55–91.97)
|
Q3(91.97–115.73)
|
Q4(≥115.73)
| |
|
n
|
59
|
59
|
59
|
58
| |
|
Age, y
|
58.17 ± 7.74
|
59.25 ± 5.49
|
58.95 ± 5.60
|
59.38 ± 5.81
|
bNS
|
|
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
21.43 ± 1.60
|
22.62 ± 1.22#
|
24.18 ± 2.00#
&
|
27.64 ± 2.51#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Waist circumference, cm
|
75.57 ± 4.19
|
79.47 ± 2.73#
|
84.24 ± 4.41#
&
|
93.64 ± 6.10#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Waist-to-hip ratio
|
0.82 ± 0.02
|
0.86 ± 0.01#
|
0.89 ± 0.01#
&
|
0.93 ± 0.03#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Fat mass, kg
|
16.80 ± 2.85
|
19.42 ± 2.35#
|
22.66 ± 3.51#
&
|
29.18 ± 4.87#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Free fat mass, kg
|
38.72 ± 3.89
|
38.79 ± 2.88
|
39.66 ± 3.24
|
42.51 ± 4.45#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Percentage body fat, %
|
30.18 ± 3.77
|
33.34 ± 3.03#
|
36.25 ± 3.45#
&
|
40.55 ± 3.97#
&
$
|
0.000
|
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
115.14 ± 14.90
|
120.78 ± 18.67
|
122.36 ± 13.65
|
124.88 ± 15.37
|
bNS
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
75.97 ± 9.47
|
76.72 ± 8.67
|
77.22 ± 8.23
|
81.63 ± 10.04#
&
$
|
0.029
|
|
Total cholesterol, mmol/L
|
5.64 ± 0.93
|
5.84 ± 0.10
|
5.88 ± 1.17
|
5.58 ± 0.82
|
bNS
|
|
Triglycerides, mmol/L
|
1.10(0.67–1.40)
|
1.21 (0.93–1.50)#
|
1.40(1.07–1.94)#
&
|
158(1.16–1.89)#
&
|
0.000
|
|
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L
|
1.55 ± 0.30
|
1.42 ± 0.23#
|
1.33 ± 0.25#
|
1.35 ± 0.26#
|
0.000
|
|
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L
|
3.31 ± 0.80
|
3.57 ± 0.73
|
3.54 ± 0.85
|
3.33 ± 0.81
|
bNS
|
|
Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L
|
5.75 ± 1.34
|
6.06 ± 1.13
|
6.35 ± 1.51
|
6.10 ± 0.84
|
bNS
|
|
25(OH)D3, μg/L
|
33.04 ± 22.62
|
33.63 ± 20.89
|
29.77 ± 20.90
|
27.78 ± 19.64
|
bNS
|
|
Smoking, % yes
|
3.39
|
6.78
|
8.47
|
10.34
|
bNS
|
|
Drinking, % yes
|
33.90
|
38.98
|
40.68
|
46.55
|
bNS
|
|
Doing exercise, % yes
|
32.20
|
30.51
|
22.03
|
18.97
|
bNS
|
|
Sunshine time, h/day
|
1.00(0.50–0.10)
|
1.00(0.00–1.00)
|
1.00(0.50–0.10)
|
1.00(0.50–0.10)
|
bNS
|
|
Vitamin D supplement users, % yes
|
3.39
|
5.08
|
6.78
|
5.17
|
bNS
|
