Effects of low-stearate palm oil and high-stearate lard high-fat diets on rat liver lipid metabolism and glucose tolerance

Table 3 Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during ipGTT with deuterated glucose

	CON (n = 11)	HFP (n = 11)	HFL (n = 11)
Fasting glucose (mM)	5.7 ± 0.4	8.0 ± 0.5 **	7.7 ± 0.3 **
AUC_g (mM · h)	15.3 ± 0.5	22.5 ± 0.7 ***	25.6 ± 0.8 ***,††
Fasting insulin (pM)	163 ± 23	438 ± 82 **	463 ± 34 ***
AUC_i (pM · h)	670 ± 65	1622 ± 208 ***	1421 ± 112 **
AUC_gAUC_i (mM · hpM · h)	9138 ± 689	41146 ± 6721 ***	36262 ± 2635 **
HOMA-IR	33.8 ± 4.8	134.8 ± 24.3 **	171.0 ± 13.3 ***
²H₂-glucose concentrations (n = 6 per diet group)
2 · AUC_d2g (mM · h)	6.0 ± 1.0	9.6 ± 0.9 *	9.1 ± 2.5
AUC_EN (% ²H₂-glucose · h)	36.2 ± 4.9	37.5 ± 0.9	34.3 ± 1.0
Maximal EN (% ²H₂-glucose)	22.6 ± 2.8	23.2 ± 0.7	20.9 ± 0.6
Time to maximal EN (min)	46.8 ± 4.2	52.8 ± 2.2	58.4 ± 1.6 *

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. CON, normal chow control diet; HFP, high-fat palm oil diet; HFL, high-fat lard diet; AUC_g, area under the glucose curve; AUC_i, area under the insulin curve; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; AUC_d2g, area under the ²H₂-glucose curve (a factor 2 is necessary for comparison of area under the ²H₂-glucose curve to area under the glucose curve because the glucose injected was only 50 % enriched in ²H₂-glucose); EN, glucose enrichment (% ²H₂-glucose of total glucose); AUC_EN, area under the EN curve. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. CON; †† p < 0.01 vs. HFP

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