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Table 1 Biochemical characteristics and estimates of daily nutrient intake before and after 12-week dietary intervention

From: Replacing carbohydrate with protein and fat in prediabetes or type-2 diabetes: greater effect on metabolites in PBMC than plasma

 

Control group (n = 40)

Whole-grain group (n = 40)

P a

P b

P c

P d

Baseline

Follow-up

Baseline

Follow-up

Glucose (mg/dL)∮

119.8 ± 5.40

126.6 ± 6.02***

119.4 ± 5.31

110.0 ± 4.58***

0.958

0.005

 

Change

6.78 ± 1.51

−9.45 ± 1.43

  

<0.001

<0.001

Glucose AUC (mg/dL × h)∮

376.8 ± 17.7

390.4 ± 22.9

376.6 ± 18.9

352.0 ± 17.5*

0.923

0.225

 

Change

13.6 ± 9.52

−24.7 ± 8.75

  

0.004

0.004

HbA1c (%)∮

6.46 ± 0.19

6.60 ± 0.19*

6.41 ± 0.18

6.18 ± 0.15*

0.821

0.061

 

Change

0.14 ± 0.06

−0.23 ± 0.12

  

0.007

0.003

HOMA-IR∮

2.24 ± 0.15

2.34 ± 0.17

2.18 ± 0.12

1.79 ± 0.12***

0.791

0.006

 

Change

0.10 ± 0.11

−0.39 ± 0.10

  

0.002

0.001

Insulin (μIU/mL)∮

7.58 ± 0.35

7.47 ± 0.43

7.58 ± 0.43

6.72 ± 0.46**

0.798

0.132

 

Malondialdehyde (nmol/mL)∮

9.24 ± 0.53

10.2 ± 0.61***

9.41 ± 0.39

8.70 ± 0.37**

0.530

0.041

 

Change

0.98 ± 0.24

−0.71 ± 0.24

  

0.001

<0.001

Oxidized LDL (U/L)∮

49.1 ± 2.14

50.7 ± 2.26

48.2 ± 2.01

43.8 ± 2.00***

0.846

0.036

 

Change

1.65 ± 0.90

−4.41 ± 0.82

  

0.001

<0.001

LDL particle size (nm)∮

24.1 ± 0.12

24.1 ± 0.13

24.4 ± 0.15

24.6 ± 0.17***

0.214

0.015

 

Change

−0.05 ± 0.06

0.24 ± 0.05

  

0.001

0.001

Plasma Lp-PLA2 activity (nmol/mL/min)∮

30.1 ± 1.64

30.3 ± 1.61

28.0 ± 1.20

25.7 ± 1.11

0.874

0.701

 

Change

0.24 ± 0.41

−2.38 ± 0.55

  

0.001

<0.001

Unstimulated PBMC

Lp-PLA2 activity (nmol/mL/min)∮

2.00 ± 0.12

2.28 ± 0.13**

2.16 ± 0.12

1.90 ± 0.12**

0.365

0.046

 

Change

0.28 ± 0.08

−0.26 ± 0.10

  

0.001

<0.001

Estimate of daily nutrient intake

Energy intake (kcal/d)

2,143 ± 40

2,170 ± 38

2,166 ± 36

2,185 ± 38

0.665

0.786

 

Carbohydrate (%)

61.9 ± 0.16

61.9 ± 0.17

61.9 ± 0.17

54.6 ± 0.11

0.833

<0.001

 

Protein (%)

16.3 ± 0.10

16.3 ± 0.08

16.3 ± 0.10

20.5 ± 0.13

0.851

<0.001

 

Fat (%)

22.1 ± 0.16

22.2 ± 0.15

22.1 ± 0.16

24.9 ± 0.15

0.731

<0.001

 

Crude fiber (g)∮

25.2 ± 1.20

22.8 ± 1.19

24.5 ± 1.21

28.4 ± 1.18

0.713

0.001

 

PUFA/SFA

2.10 ± 0.18

2.10 ± 0.16

2.29 ± 0.16

2.98 ± 0.17

0.418

<0.001

 
  1. Mean ± SEM.∮tested by logarithmic transformation, P a, values derived from independent t-test in baseline. P b, values derived from independent t-test in follow-up. P c, values derived from independent t-test in changed value. P d, values derived from independent t-test in changed value after adjusting for baseline. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 derived from paired t-test. PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; AUC, area under the curve; PUFA/SFA, polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids ratio
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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