Fig. 3

Bioactives or metabolites alter secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines and adiponectin. Secretion of adipokines; interleukin-6 (IL-6) (a), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (b), adiponectin (c), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) (d) and chemerin (e); after 48 h of treatment with bioactive compounds relative to control in conditioned media. Control, n = 6-9; 0.5 μM DHA, n = 3-6; AC alone and with DHA, n = 3; 100 μM PI alone and with DHA, n = 3-4 in biological/independent experiments in quadruplicates, with the exception of TNFα where n = 2-6 due to levels below minimum detectable dose in four subjects. Normalized data is adjusted for protein amount and presented as means +/- standard deviation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 versus control. Statistical significance was obtained by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons post hoc test