Table 1 Summary from animal studies of impact probiotic strains on obesity and associated diseases
From: Probiotics in prevention and treatment of obesity: a critical view
Study | Experimental model of obesity | Type of probiotics | Duration of intervention | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yoo et al. 2013 [49] | high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD) | Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 | 9 weeks parallel with HFHCD | ↓ body weight gain ↓ hepatic lipid droplet accumulation and adipocyte size ↓ cholesterol in plasma and liver ↓ gene expressions fo fatty acid synthesis enzymes ↓ proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1b) |
Park et al. 2013 [50] | HFD/placebo or normal chow for 8 weeks | Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 | 10 weeks after HFD | ↓ body weight gain and fat accumulation ↓plasma insulin, leptin, total-cholesterol and liver toxicity biomarkers ↓ pro-inflammatory genes (TNFα, IL6, IL1β and MCP1) in adipose tissue ↓ fatty acid oxidation-related genes (PGC1α, CPT1, CPT2 and ACOX1)in the liver |
Wang et al. 2015 [51] | HFD/placebo or normal chow | Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4270, Lactobacillus rhamnosus I-3690 or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis I-2494 | 12 weeks parallel with HFD | ↓ body weight gain ↓ macrophage infiltration into epididymal adipose tissue ↓ hepatic steatosis ↑ glucose–insulin homeostasis Strain-specific attenuation of obesity comorbidities throth impacts on MS-associated phylotypes of gut microbiota in mice |
An et al. 2011 [52] | HFD/normal chow | Lactic acid bacterium (LAB) supplement (B. pseudocatenulatum SPM 1204, B. longum SPM 1205, and B. longum SPM 1207; 108 ~ 109 CFU) | 7 weeks parallel with HFD | ↓ body weight gain and fat accumulation ↓blood serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride, glucose, leptin ↓liver toxicity biomarkers (AST, ALT) |
Chen et al. 2012 [53] | HFD/normal chow | Bifidobacterium adolescentis | 12 weeks parallel with HFD | ↓ body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation ↑insulin sensitivity |
Zhao et al. 2012 [54] | HFD for 6 weeks/normal chow | Pediococcus pentosaceus LP28 / Lactobacillus plantarum SN13T as comparator | 8 weeks after HFD | ↓ body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation and liver lipid contents (triglyceride and cholesterol) ↓ hepatic lipid droplet accumulation and adipocyte size ↓ lipid metabolism-related genes (CD36, SCD1, PPARγ) |
Gauffin et al. 2012 [55] | HFD/normal chow | Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 | 7 weeks parallel with HFD | ↓body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation and liver lipid contents (triglyceride and cholesterol) ↑small adipocyte numbers ↓serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin and leptin levels, ↑oral tolerance to glucose ↓dietary fat absorption (reduced number of fat micelles in enterocytes) ↑ immune defence mechanisms |
Everard et al. 2013 [33] | HFD/normal chow | Akkermansia muciniphila(alive versus heat- killed) | 4 weeks parallel with HFD | ↓body weight gain ↓metabolic endotoxemia and adipose tissue inflammation ↓insulin resistance ↑intestinal levels of endocannabinoids that control inflammation, the gut barrier, and gut peptide secretion - all these effects required alive A. muciniphila because treatment with heat-killed cells did not improve the metabolic profile or the mucus layer thickness - administration of prebiotics (oligofructose) to ob/ob mice increased the abundance of A. muciniphila by ∼ 100-fold. |
ob/ob mice/placebo (vehicle) | ||||
Everard et al. 2014 [56] | db/db mice/placebo (vehicle) | Saccharomyces boulardii Biocodex | 4 weeks | ↓body weight gain and fat mass ↓hepatic steatosis and total liver lipids content ↓decreases hepatic (50 % decrease in CD11c macrophages level, F4/80, IL-1β and MCP-1mRNA) ↓systemic inflammation (↓plasma cytokine concentrations of IL-6, IL-4, IL-1β and TNF-α). |
Kim et al. 2013 [57] | HFD/normal chow | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | 13 weeks parallel with HFD | ↓body weight gain and fat mass ↑insulin sensitivity, ↑expression of genes related to glucose metabolism (GLUT4 mRNA in skeletal muscle) ↑ adiponectin production in adipose tissue ↑ AMPK in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue |
Tabuchi et al. 2003 [58] | Neonatally streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats/placebo (vehicle) | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | 10 weeks | ↓ HbA1c ↑oral tolerance to glucose |
Park et al. 2015 [59] | db/db mice/placebo (vehicle) | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | 4 weeks | ↑ glucose tolerance ↑insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle ↓endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in skeletal muscle ↓M1-like macrophage activation in white adipose tissues ↑insulin sensitivity |
Yadav et al. 2006 [60] | high-fructose diet/normal chow | Lactococcus lactis | 42 days parallel with high-fructose diet | ↓ HbA1c ↓fasting blood glucose, insulin, free fatty acids and triglyceride |
Yadav et al. 2007 [61] | high-fructose diet/normal chow | Lactobacillus casei/Lactobacillus acidophilus | 8 weeks parallel with high-fructose diet | ↓ HbA1c ↓fasting blood glucose plasma insulin, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and blood free fatty acids ↓liver glycogen ↓thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and ↑ reduced glutathione in liver and pancreatic tissues |
Ritze et al. 2014 [65] | high-fructose diet/without control | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | 8 weeks parallel with high-fructose diet | ↓ liver inflammation and steatosis (protection from NAFLD development) ↓duodenal IκB protein levels and restoration of the duodenal tight junction protein concentration ↓ portal LPS ↓ TNF-α, IL-8R and IL-1β mRNA expression in the liver |
Yin et al. 2010 [66] | HFD/normal chow | Bifidobacteria L66-5, L75-4, M13-4 and FS31-12 | 6 weeks parallel with HFD | ↓liver triglyceride, total cholesterol and total lipid deposition (all 4 strains, but in strain-dependent manner, more pronounced for B. L66-5) ↓serum triglyceride and total cholesterol (all 4 strains, but in strain-dependent manner, more pronounced for B. L66-5 and B. FS31-12) ↓ body weight gain - B. L66-5 ↑ body weight gain - B. M13-4 No changes in body weight gain L75-4 and FS31-12 |
Reichold A et al. 2014 [67] | HFD/normal chow | Bifidobacteria adolescentis | 12 weeks parallel with HFD | ↓ body weight gain ↓liver inflammation and steatosis (protection from NASH development) ↓ formation of reactive oxygen species ↓ activation of NFκB No effect on portal LPS, TLR-4 and Myd-88 mRNA expression in livers |
Plaza-Diaz et al. 2014 [68] | ob/ob mice/placebo (vehicle) | Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4034, Bifidobacterium breve CNCM I-4035 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM or mixture of 3 strains | 30 days | ↓ triacylglycerol liver content (for L. rhamnosus, B. breve or the mixture) ↓ neutral lipids liver content (for all four probiotic groups) ↓ serum LPS levels (for all four probiotic groups) ↓ serum TNF-α levels (for B. breve, L. rhamnosus or the mixture) ↓ serum IL-6 levels (for L. paracasei) |
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced obesity/placebo (vehicle) | 14 alive probiotic strains (Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium, Acetobacter) | 3 month | ↓body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation ↓liver lipid contents (protection from NAFLD development) ↓serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, insulin and leptin levels, ↑insulin sensitivity (decreased HOMA-IR, increased adipocitokine) |