Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants in the discovery stage

Age (years)

49.5 ± 4.8

43.4 ± 11.7

0.154

Sex(F/M)

6/4

8/2

0.628^a

Anthropometry

 BMI (kg/m²)

31.8 ± 1.6

32.2 ± 2.1

0.661

 Waist Circumference(cm)

107.6 ± 7.1

88.5 ± 18.2

0.004

 BF %

36.4 ± 8.6

42.4 ± 10.8

0.189

 TF %

41.7 ± 7.1

45.3 ± 9.5

0.343

 AF%

48.8 ± 6.5

51.1 ± 8.6

0.520

 Visceral fat (g)

1885.4 ± 369.2

1087.2 ± 663.2

0.004

 VF%

5.9 ± 1.6

2.7 ± 1.3

0.000

Metabolic Profile

 SBP (mmHg)

133.9 ± 10.7

127.0 ± 20.3

0.650

 DBP (mmHg)

88.6 ± 5.9

85.6 ± 10.8

0.318

 TG (mmol/L)

2.4 ± 1.2

1.2 ± 0.4

0.025

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.0 ± 0.1

1.5 ± 0.2

<0.001

 Glucose (mmol/L)

7.1 ± 2.0

4.9 ± 0.3

<0.001

 Insulin (pmol/L)

281.9 ± 343.8

54.8 ± 22.1

<0.001

 HOMA-IR

14.7 ± 22.3

1.7 ± 0.8

<0.001

Diet and Physical Activity

 Caloric intake (kcal/day)

2057.3 ± 1093.9

1852. 0 ± 846.5

0.662

 Protein intake (g/day)

91.0 ± 80.7

72.6 ± 22.5

0.591

 FAT intake (g/day)

59.4 ± 29.4

54.5 ± 37.6

0.762

 Carbohydrate (g/day)

277.1 ± 160.6

271.2 ± 147.5

0.936

 Physical activity level

7.8 ± 1.3

7.7 ± 1.8

0.875