Characteristics | No DR (n = 148) | DR (n = 146) | p value* |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 57.9 (10.3) | 60.5 (8.8) | 0.021 |
Men, % (n) | 52.0 (77) | 50.0 (73) | 0.816 |
Non Caucasian, % (n) | 3.4 (5) | 4.1 (6) | 0.769 |
Educational level, % (n) | 0.001 | ||
≤ Primary | 60.8 (90) | 77.4 (113) | |
Secondary | 27.0 (40) | 20.5 (30) | |
University | 12.2 (18) | 2.1 (3) | |
Tobacco use, % (n) | 0.629 | ||
Never smoker | 45.3 (67) | 50.7 (74) | |
Former smoker | 33.8 (50) | 29.5 (43) | |
Current smoker | 20.9 (31) | 19.9 (29) | |
Physical activity,% (n) | 0.045 | ||
Active | 66.2 (98) | 55.9 (81) | |
Sedentary | 33.8 (50) | 44.1 (64) | |
HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.3 (1.2) | 8.3 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 7.1 (5.5) | 14.1 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, Kg/m2, mean (SD) | 31.3 (5.1) | 32.0 (5.5) | 0.273 |
Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 104.2 (11.9) | 107.8 (11.9) | 0.010 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 134.3 (15.5) | 145.0 (19.9) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 76.5 (10.5) | 77.1 (11.1) | 0.628 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 185.7 (36.6) | 184.8 (36.1) | 0.822 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 48.5 (10.7) | 52.1 (15) | 0.021 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 111 (30.7) | 106.9 (30.1) | 0.182 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 138.6 (81.8) | 140.5 (120) | 0.879 |
Diabetes treatment, % (n) | < 0.001 | ||
Oral agents | 64.2 (95) | 43.8 (64) | |
Insulin + oral agents | 8.8 (13) | 41.8 (61) | |
Insulin | 2.7 (4) | 12.3 (18) | |
Diet only | 24.3 (36) | 2.1 (3) |