Skip to main content

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and patients with no retinopathy (no DR)

From: Association of low oleic acid intake with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients: a case–control study

Characteristics

No DR (n = 148)

DR (n = 146)

p value*

Age (years), mean (SD)

57.9 (10.3)

60.5 (8.8)

0.021

Men, % (n)

52.0 (77)

50.0 (73)

0.816

Non Caucasian, % (n)

3.4 (5)

4.1 (6)

0.769

Educational level, % (n)

  

0.001

  ≤ Primary

60.8 (90)

77.4 (113)

 

 Secondary

27.0 (40)

20.5 (30)

 

 University

12.2 (18)

2.1 (3)

 

Tobacco use, % (n)

  

0.629

 Never smoker

45.3 (67)

50.7 (74)

 

Former smoker

33.8 (50)

29.5 (43)

 

Current smoker

20.9 (31)

19.9 (29)

 

Physical activity,% (n)

  

0.045

 Active

66.2 (98)

55.9 (81)

 

 Sedentary

33.8 (50)

44.1 (64)

 

HbA1c (%), mean (SD)

7.3 (1.2)

8.3 (1.4)

< 0.001

Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD)

7.1 (5.5)

14.1 (9.9)

< 0.001

Body mass index, Kg/m2, mean (SD)

31.3 (5.1)

32.0 (5.5)

0.273

Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD)

104.2 (11.9)

107.8 (11.9)

0.010

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)

134.3 (15.5)

145.0 (19.9)

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)

76.5 (10.5)

77.1 (11.1)

0.628

Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD)

185.7 (36.6)

184.8 (36.1)

0.822

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD)

48.5 (10.7)

52.1 (15)

0.021

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD)

111 (30.7)

106.9 (30.1)

0.182

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

138.6 (81.8)

140.5 (120)

0.879

Diabetes treatment, % (n)

  

< 0.001

 Oral agents

64.2 (95)

43.8 (64)

 

 Insulin + oral agents

8.8 (13)

41.8 (61)

 

 Insulin

2.7 (4)

12.3 (18)

 

 Diet only

24.3 (36)

2.1 (3)

 
  1. * p-value from Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests for comparison of qualitative variables and Student’s t tests for comparison of quantitative variables. SD standard deviation, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL-cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol