Nutrient intake
|
No DR/DR
|
ORa (95 % CI)
|
p-trendb
|
ORc (95 % CI)
|
p-trendb
|
---|
Energy intake (kcal)
|
Per 1000 cals
|
148/146
|
0.81 (0.52; 1.26)
| |
0.76 (0.48; 1.23)
| |
≤ 1849
|
46/52
|
1.00
|
0.364
|
1.00
|
0.377
|
1850 – 2272
|
47/51
|
0.77 (0.41; 1.45)
| |
0.80 (0.40; 1.59)
| |
≥ 2273
|
55/43
|
0.75 (0.40; 1.40)
| |
0.73 (0.37; 1.46)
| |
Protein (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
1.03 (0.92; 1.14)
| |
1.03 (0.91;1.17)
| |
≤ 92.9
|
48/49
|
1.00
|
0.865
|
1.00
|
0.645
|
93.0–117.6
|
51/48
|
0.98 (0.51; 1.90)
| |
1.15 (0.56; 2.37)
| |
≥ 117.7
|
49/49
|
1.09 (0.46; 2.56)
| |
1.24 (0.49; 3.16)
| |
Carbohydrate (g)
|
Per 100 g
|
148/146
|
1.49 (0.80; 2.77)
| |
1.58 (0.80; 3.12)
| |
≤ 189.6
|
45/53
|
1.00
|
0.859
|
1.00
|
0.729
|
189.7–234.0
|
47/51
|
0.95 (0.49; 1.82)
| |
1.09 (0.53; 2.23)
| |
≥ 234.1
|
56/42
|
0.93 (0.39; 2.21)
| |
1.18 (0.45; 3.09)
| |
Fibre (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
0.74 (0.47;1.15)
| |
0.83 (0.50; 1.36)
| |
≤ 23.4
|
41/56
|
1.00
|
0.301
|
1.00
|
0.421
|
23.5–29.2
|
51/48
|
0.67 (0.36; 1.27)
| |
0.55 (0.28; 1.11)
| |
≥ 29.3
|
56/42
|
0.69 (0.33; 1.46)
| |
0.76 (0.33; 1.76)
| |
Total fat (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
0.83 (0.69;1.01)
| |
0.86 (0.70; 1.06)
| |
≤ 76.3
|
43/54
|
1.00
|
0.194
|
1.00
|
0.275
|
76.4 – 96.2
|
52/46
|
0.53 (0.27; 1.06)
| |
0.59 (0.27; 1.25)
| |
≥ 96.3
|
53/46
|
0.58 (0.24; 1.39)
| |
0.60 (0.23; 1.55)
| |
Saturated fatty acids (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
0.56 (0.33; 0.95)
| |
0.64 (0.36; 1.14)
| |
≤ 19.2
|
45/53
|
1.00
|
0.052
| |
0.133
|
19.3 – 26.6
|
45/52
|
0.81 (0.41; 1.61)
| |
0.63 (0.30; 1.33)
| |
≥ 26.7
|
58/41
|
0.42 (0.18; 1.00)
| |
0.49 (0.19; 1.26)
| |
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
0.76 (0.58; 1.01)
| |
0.74 (0.55;1.00)
| |
≤ 36.0
|
39/59
|
1.00
|
0.050
|
1.00
|
0.034
|
36.1 – 46.2
|
53/45
|
0.53 (0.28; 1.01)
| |
0.46 (0.22; 0.93)
| |
≥ 46.3
|
56/42
|
0.49 (0.23; 1.03)
| |
0.42 (0.18; 0.97)
| |
Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
1.12 (0.72;1.74)
| |
1.27 (0.80;2.02)
| |
≤ 12.3
|
45/53
|
1.00
|
0.804
|
1.00
|
0.900
|
12.4 – 16.6
|
52/46
|
0.74 (0.38; 1.45)
| |
0.84 (0.41; 1.75)
| |
≥ 17.7
|
51/47
|
0.91 (0.40; 2.07)
| |
1.07 (0.44; 2.64)
| |
Omega 3 (g)
|
Per 1 g
|
148/146
|
1.11 (0.80; 1.55)
| |
0.99 (0.69; 1.41)
| |
≤1.43
|
50/48
|
1.00
|
0.909
|
1.00
|
0.927
|
1.44 – 1.91
|
47/51
|
1.14 (0.61; 2.15)
| |
1.25 (0.62; 2.52)
| |
≥ 1.92
|
51/47
|
0.95 (0.45; 2.00)
| |
0.95 (0.41; 2.16)
| |
Omega 6 (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
1.09 (0.70; 1.71)
| |
1.27 (0.79;2.05)
| |
≤10.3
|
43/55
|
1.00
|
0.634
|
1.00
|
0.851
|
10.4 – 14.8
|
56/42
|
0.61 (0.31; 1.19)
| |
0.77 (0.37; 1.60)
| |
≥ 14.9
|
49/49
|
0.83 (0.37; 1.87)
| |
1.10 (0.45; 2.67)
| |
Trans fat (g)
|
Per 1 g
|
148/146
|
1.03 (0.73; 1.45)
| |
1.12 (0.76; 1.65)
| |
≤ 0.61
|
41/56
|
1.00
|
0.325
|
1.00
|
0.810
|
0.62 – 1.09
|
54/45
|
0.64 (0.34; 1.22)
| |
0.64 (0.32; 1.31)
| |
≥1.10
|
53/45
|
0.70 (0.38; 1.46)
| |
0.93 (0.41; 2.07)
| |
Palmitic acid (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
0.27 (0.09; 0.80)
| |
0.32 (0.10; 1.06)
| |
≤12.1
|
44/53
|
1.00
|
0.029
|
1.00
|
0.077
|
12.2 – 15.8
|
45/54
|
0.82 (0.42; 1.60)
| |
0.67 (0.32; 1.41)
| |
≥15.9
|
59/39
|
0.35 (0.14; 0.87)
| |
0.41 (0.15; 1.01)
| |
Stearic acid (g)
|
Per 1 g
|
148/146
|
0.92 (0.76; 1.12)
| |
0.98 (0.81; 1.20)
| |
≤4.52
|
41/56
|
1.00
|
0.050
|
1.00
|
0.131
|
4.53 – 6.26
|
52/47
|
0.55 (0.28; 1.09)
| |
0.43(0.20; 0.92)
| |
≥6.27
|
55/43
|
0.43 (0.18; 1.00)
| |
0.49 (0.19; 1.25)
| |
Oleic acid (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
0.76 (0.57; 1.00)
| |
0.74 (0.54; 1.01)
| |
≤32.2
|
38/59
|
1.00
|
0.019
|
1.00
|
0.017
|
32.3 – 43.6
|
52/47
|
0.56 (0.29; 1.06)
| |
0.48 (0.23; 0.97)
| |
≥43.6
|
58/40
|
0.41 (0.20; 0.88)
| |
0.37 (0.16; 0.85)
| |
Linoleic acid (g)
|
Per 10 g
|
148/146
|
1.09 (0.70; 1.71)
| |
1.27 (0.79; 2.05)
| |
≤10.3
|
43/55
|
1.00
|
0.512
| |
0.909
|
10.4 – 14.7
|
55/43
|
0.61 (0.31; 1.19)
| |
0.77 (0.37; 1.61)
| |
≥14.8
|
50/48
|
0.77 (0.35; 1.72)
| |
0.95 (0.39; 2.31)
| |
-
aAdjusted for sex, age, diabetes duration and energy intake. b
p value for linear trends examined using likelihood ratio tests. cAdjusted for sex, age, diabetes duration, energy intake, educational level, physical activity, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol and diabetes treatment. No DR Diabetic no retinopathy, DR diabetic retinopathy, OR Odds ratio