Table 3 Association between macronutrient intake and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in case–control study

Energy intake (kcal)

Per 1000 cals

148/146

0.81 (0.52; 1.26)

0.76 (0.48; 1.23)

≤ 1849

46/52

1.00

0.364

1.00

0.377

1850 – 2272

47/51

0.77 (0.41; 1.45)

0.80 (0.40; 1.59)

≥ 2273

55/43

0.75 (0.40; 1.40)

0.73 (0.37; 1.46)

Protein (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

1.03 (0.92; 1.14)

1.03 (0.91;1.17)

≤ 92.9

48/49

1.00

0.865

1.00

0.645

93.0–117.6

51/48

0.98 (0.51; 1.90)

1.15 (0.56; 2.37)

≥ 117.7

49/49

1.09 (0.46; 2.56)

1.24 (0.49; 3.16)

Carbohydrate (g)

Per 100 g

148/146

1.49 (0.80; 2.77)

1.58 (0.80; 3.12)

≤ 189.6

45/53

1.00

0.859

1.00

0.729

189.7–234.0

47/51

0.95 (0.49; 1.82)

1.09 (0.53; 2.23)

≥ 234.1

56/42

0.93 (0.39; 2.21)

1.18 (0.45; 3.09)

Fibre (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

0.74 (0.47;1.15)

0.83 (0.50; 1.36)

≤ 23.4

41/56

1.00

0.301

1.00

0.421

23.5–29.2

51/48

0.67 (0.36; 1.27)

0.55 (0.28; 1.11)

≥ 29.3

56/42

0.69 (0.33; 1.46)

0.76 (0.33; 1.76)

Total fat (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

0.83 (0.69;1.01)

0.86 (0.70; 1.06)

≤ 76.3

43/54

1.00

0.194

1.00

0.275

76.4 – 96.2

52/46

0.53 (0.27; 1.06)

0.59 (0.27; 1.25)

≥ 96.3

53/46

0.58 (0.24; 1.39)

0.60 (0.23; 1.55)

Saturated fatty acids (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

0.56 (0.33; 0.95)

0.64 (0.36; 1.14)

≤ 19.2

45/53

1.00

0.052

0.133

19.3 – 26.6

45/52

0.81 (0.41; 1.61)

0.63 (0.30; 1.33)

≥ 26.7

58/41

0.42 (0.18; 1.00)

0.49 (0.19; 1.26)

Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

0.76 (0.58; 1.01)

0.74 (0.55;1.00)

≤ 36.0

39/59

1.00

0.050

1.00

0.034

36.1 – 46.2

53/45

0.53 (0.28; 1.01)

0.46 (0.22; 0.93)

≥ 46.3

56/42

0.49 (0.23; 1.03)

0.42 (0.18; 0.97)

Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

1.12 (0.72;1.74)

1.27 (0.80;2.02)

≤ 12.3

45/53

1.00

0.804

1.00

0.900

12.4 – 16.6

52/46

0.74 (0.38; 1.45)

0.84 (0.41; 1.75)

≥ 17.7

51/47

0.91 (0.40; 2.07)

1.07 (0.44; 2.64)

Omega 3 (g)

Per 1 g

148/146

1.11 (0.80; 1.55)

0.99 (0.69; 1.41)

≤1.43

50/48

1.00

0.909

1.00

0.927

1.44 – 1.91

47/51

1.14 (0.61; 2.15)

1.25 (0.62; 2.52)

≥ 1.92

51/47

0.95 (0.45; 2.00)

0.95 (0.41; 2.16)

Omega 6 (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

1.09 (0.70; 1.71)

1.27 (0.79;2.05)

≤10.3

43/55

1.00

0.634

1.00

0.851

10.4 – 14.8

56/42

0.61 (0.31; 1.19)

0.77 (0.37; 1.60)

≥ 14.9

49/49

0.83 (0.37; 1.87)

1.10 (0.45; 2.67)

Trans fat (g)

Per 1 g

148/146

1.03 (0.73; 1.45)

1.12 (0.76; 1.65)

≤ 0.61

41/56

1.00

0.325

1.00

0.810

0.62 – 1.09

54/45

0.64 (0.34; 1.22)

0.64 (0.32; 1.31)

≥1.10

53/45

0.70 (0.38; 1.46)

0.93 (0.41; 2.07)

Palmitic acid (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

0.27 (0.09; 0.80)

0.32 (0.10; 1.06)

≤12.1

44/53

1.00

0.029

1.00

0.077

12.2 – 15.8

45/54

0.82 (0.42; 1.60)

0.67 (0.32; 1.41)

≥15.9

59/39

0.35 (0.14; 0.87)

0.41 (0.15; 1.01)

Stearic acid (g)

Per 1 g

148/146

0.92 (0.76; 1.12)

0.98 (0.81; 1.20)

≤4.52

41/56

1.00

0.050

1.00

0.131

4.53 – 6.26

52/47

0.55 (0.28; 1.09)

0.43(0.20; 0.92)

≥6.27

55/43

0.43 (0.18; 1.00)

0.49 (0.19; 1.25)

Oleic acid (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

0.76 (0.57; 1.00)

0.74 (0.54; 1.01)

≤32.2

38/59

1.00

0.019

1.00

0.017

32.3 – 43.6

52/47

0.56 (0.29; 1.06)

0.48 (0.23; 0.97)

≥43.6

58/40

0.41 (0.20; 0.88)

0.37 (0.16; 0.85)

Linoleic acid (g)

Per 10 g

148/146

1.09 (0.70; 1.71)

1.27 (0.79; 2.05)

≤10.3

43/55

1.00

0.512

0.909

10.4 – 14.7

55/43

0.61 (0.31; 1.19)

0.77 (0.37; 1.61)

≥14.8

50/48

0.77 (0.35; 1.72)

0.95 (0.39; 2.31)