Table 4 Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by nutrient intake according to duration of diabetes

Energy intake (kcal)

Per 1000 cal

0.76 (0.48; 1.23)

0.76 (0.41; 1.39)

0.85 (0.39; 1.86)

Protein (g)

Per 10 g

1.03 (0.91; 1.17)

1.05 (0.90; 1.21)

1.07 (0.82; 1.39)

Carbohydrate (g)

Per 100 g

1.58 (0.80; 3.12)

0.86 (0.34; 2.20)

3.05 (0.96; 9.72)

Fibre (g)

Per 10 g

0.83 (0.50;1.36)

0.42 (0.19; 0.93)

1.44 (0.69; 3.03)

Total fat (g)

Per 10 g

0.86 (0.70; 1.06)

1.08 (0.80; 1.47)

0.70 (0.51; 0.97)

Saturated fatty acids (g)

Per 10 g

0.64 (0.36; 1.14)

0.83 (0.40; 1.72)

0.43 (0.18; 1.05)

Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (g)

Per 10 g

0.74 (0.55; 1.00)

1.17 (0.76; 1.80)

0.49 (0.30; 0.81)

Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (g)

Per 10 g

1.27 (0.80; 2.02)

1.07 (0.54; 2.11)

1.42 (0.69; 2.91)

Omega 3 (g)

Per 1 g

0.99 (0.69; 1.41)

1.23 (0.71; 2.14)

0.59 (0.25; 1.39)

Omega 6 (g)

Per 10 g

1.27 (0.79; 2.05)

1.01 (0.50; 2.04)

1.50 (0.71; 3.17)

Trans fat (g)

Per 1 g

1.12 (0.76; 1.65)

1.24 (0.67; 2.30)

0.95 (0.54; 1.67)

Palmitic acid (g)

Per 10 g

0.33 (0.10;1.06)

1.03 (0.23; 4.71)

0.10 (0.01; 0.62)

Stearic acid (g)

Per 1 g

0.98 (0.81;1.20)

1.05 (0.84; 1.32)

0.80 (0.55; 1.17)

Oleic acid (g)

Per 10 g

0.74 (0.54;1.01)

1.16 (0.74; 1.80)

0.49 (0.29; 0.81)

Linoleic acid (g)

Per 10 g

1.27 (0.79;2.05)

1.01 (0.50; 2.03)

1.50 (0.71; 3.18)