Fig. 3

a Relative gene expression of PhIP metabolizing enzymes compared to controls after exposure to 5 nM PhIP for 72 h. Data is presented as Mean ± SD *p < 0.05. Expression of CYP1A1 (p = 0.0511, p = 0.5459, p = 0.1615), CYP1A2 (p = 0.1194, p = 0.6966, p = 0.4045), SULT1A1 (p = 0.0866, p = 0.4488, p = 0.6952) and UGT1A1 (p = 0.1719, p = 0.5599, p = 0.3261) in Adipocyte, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells respectively. There were no significant differences from controls. b Relative gene expression of baseline PhIP metabolizing enzymes normalized to adipocyte controls. Data is presented as Mean ± SD *p < 0.05. Expression of CYP1A1 (p = 0.0030, p = 0.0055), CYP1A2 (p = 0.0044, p = 0.0047), SULT1A1 (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0358) and UGT1A1 (p = 0.0104, p = 0.0001) in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells respectively. HepG2 and Caco-2 cells had significantly higher baseline PhIP metabolizing enzymes than adipocytes with the exception of CYP1A2. c Relative gene expression of PhIP metabolizing enzymes after 5nM PhIP exposure, normalized to adipocyte treatment. Data is presented as Mean ± SD *p < 0.05. Expression of CYP1A1 (p = 0.0030, p = 0.0037), CYP1A2 (p = 0.0140, p = 0.3050), SULT1A1 (p = 0.0005, p = 0.0516) and UGT1A1 (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0754) in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells respectively. HepG2 cell expression was significantly higher than the adipocyte in all four PhIP metabolizing enzymes while Caco-2 was significantly higher in the CYP1A1 enzyme only