Table 4 Metabolic changes in genetic models of MetS

Leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice

Obesity, type II diabetes

Autosomal recessive mutation on leptin gene (chromosome 6)

(a) Obese & increased body weight (Age: 4 weeks)

(b) Hyperinsulinemia & hyperglycemia (Age: 4 weeks)

(c) Impaired glucose tolerance (Age: 12 weeks)

(d) Reduced blood pressure

(e) Does not develop dyslipidemia

[65, 121, 122]

Leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice

Obesity, type II diabetes

Autosomal recessive mutation on leptin receptor gene

(chromosome 4)

(a) Obese & increased body weight (Age: 6 weeks)

(b) High fasting blood glucose (Age: 8 weeks)

(c) Hyperinsulinemia & impaired glucose tolerance (Age: 12 weeks)

(d) Unchanged blood pressure

(e) Increased triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and free fatty acid (Age: 13 weeks)

[66, 67]

Zucker fatty (ZF) rat

Metabolic syndrome

Missense mutation on leptin receptor gene

(a) Obese (Age: 3-5 weeks)

(b) Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (Age: 3 weeks)

(c) Hypertension (Age: 12 weeks)

(d) Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia

[71]

Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat

Metabolic syndrome

Non-functional leptin receptor

(a) Obese (Age: 3–5 weeks)

(b) Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia (Age: 13–15 weeks)

(c) Mild hypertension (Age: 12–14 weeks)

(d) Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia (Age: 20 weeks)

[123]

DahlS.Z-Lepr ^fa /Lepr ^fa(DS/obese) rat

Metabolic syndrome

-

(a) Obese (Age: 18 weeks)

(b) Hyperinsulinemia (Age: 18 weeks)

(c) Unchanged serum glucose concentration

(d) Hypertension (Age: 11–12 weeks)

(e) Hypercholesterolemia & hypertriglyceridemia (Age: 18 weeks)

[74, 75]

Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat

Type II diabetes

Leptin resistance

(a) Non-obese

(b) Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance & mild hyperglycemia (Age: 4 weeks)

(c) Hyperlipidemia (Age: 8 weeks)

(d) Unchanged blood pressure (Age: 14 months)

[76, 78, 124, 125]

Spontaneous Hypertensive rat

Hypertension

-

(a) Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (Age: 12 weeks)

(b) Severe hypertension (Age: 4 weeks)

[82, 126]

Obese Spontaneous Hypertensive rat (Koletsky rat)

Metabolic syndrome

Nonsense mutation of leptin receptor

(a) Obese, increased abdominal fat (Age: 5 weeks)

(b) Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (Age: 16–18 weeks)

(c) Normal fasting blood glucose

(d) Severe hypertension (Age: 12 weeks)

(e) Hyperlipidemia (Age: 16–18 weeks)

[69, 127]

The POUND mouse™

Pre-diabetes/metabolic syndrome

Mutation in leptin receptor (deletion of axon 2 on chromosome 4)

(a) Obese (Age: 4 weeks)

(b) Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia (Age: 18 weeks)

(c) Increased leptin levels (Age: 17–18 weeks),

(d) Hypercholesterolemia (Age: 14 weeks)

[85, 128]