|
Age, mean (SD)
|
46.16 (17.41)
|
46.17 (17.28)
|
0.972
|
|
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)
|
25.84 (4.1)
|
24.08 (4.56)
|
<0.001
|
|
Glomerular filtration rate, mean (SD)
|
97.46 (19.1)
|
95.68 (17.43)
|
0.116
|
|
Urinary parameters
|
|
Urinary volume (ml/24-h), mean (SD)
|
1751.38 (801.87)
|
1687.39 (682.89)
|
0.635
|
|
Urinary flow (ml/min), mean (SD)
|
1.23 (0.57)
|
1.19 (0.5)
|
0.663
|
|
Urinary creatinine (mg/kg/24-h), mean (SD)
|
22.33 (5.46)
|
18.35 (4.38)
|
<0.001
|
|
Urinary caffeine (mg/24-h), median (IQR)
|
2.76 (3.61)
|
2.85 (4.03)
|
0.891
|
|
Urinary paraxanthine (mg/24-h), median (IQR)
|
11.33 (11.49)
|
9.43 (9.44)
|
<0.001
|
|
Urinary theobromine (mg/24-h), median (IQR)
|
11.63 (12.78)
|
10.9 (11.95)
|
0.212
|
|
Urinary theophylline (mg/24-h), median (IQR)
|
0.95 (1.09)
|
0.89 (0.96)
|
0.347
|
|
Study center, n (%)
| | |
0.805
|
|
Lausanne
|
83 (29%)
|
97 (31%)
| |
|
Geneva
|
101 (35%)
|
105 (34%)
| |
|
Bern
|
104 (36%)
|
108 (35%)
| |
|
Smoking, n (%)
| | |
0.024
|
|
No
|
212 (74%)
|
252 (81%)
| |
|
Yes
|
76 (26%)
|
58 (19%)
| |
|
Alcohol consumption, n (%)
| | |
<0.001
|
|
No
|
62 (22%)
|
135 (44%)
| |
|
Yes
|
226 (78%)
|
175 (56%)
| |
|
Caffeinated coffee consumption
| | |
0.219
|
|
Never
|
23 (8%)
|
41 (13%)
| |
|
1–4 times/month
|
15 (5%)
|
21 (7%)
| |
|
1–4 times/week
|
18 (6%)
|
22 (7%)
| |
|
≥ 5 times/week
|
11 (4%)
|
11 (4%)
| |
|
≥ 1 time/day
|
221 (77%)
|
215 (69%)
| |
|
Other caffeinated drink consumption, n (%)
| | |
0.755
|
|
Never
|
53 (18%)
|
56 (18%)
| |
|
1–4 times/month
|
76 (26%)
|
88 (28%)
| |
|
1–4 times/week
|
65 (23%)
|
59 (19%)
| |
|
≥ 5 times/week
|
16 (6%)
|
14 (5%)
| |
|
≥ 1 time/day
|
78 (27%)
|
93 (30%)
| |
|
Decaffeinated coffee consumption, n (%)
| | |
0.004
|
|
Never
|
233 (81%)
|
210 (68%)
| |
|
1–4 times/month
|
31 (11%)
|
62 (20%)
| |
|
1–4 times/week
|
8 (3%)
|
15 (5%)
| |
|
≥ 5 times/week
|
2 (1%)
|
6 (2%)
| |
|
≥ 1 time/day
|
14 (5%)
|
17 (5%)
| |
